{"id":5629,"date":"2014-11-24T13:19:07","date_gmt":"2014-11-24T05:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/defenselawyer.com.cn\/?p=5590"},"modified":"2014-11-24T13:19:07","modified_gmt":"2014-11-24T05:19:07","slug":"%e5%88%98%e4%bb%81%e6%96%87%ef%bc%9a%e6%ad%bb%e5%88%91%e4%b8%8e%e5%ae%97%e6%95%99","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/?p=5629","title":{"rendered":"\u5218\u4ec1\u6587\uff1a\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><\/h3>\n<div class=\"about\">\n<div id=\"content\">\n<div id=\"content2\">\n<p>\u3000\u3000 200\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8457\u540d\u5211\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u8d1d\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u72af\u7f6a\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u6b27\u6d32\u4e43\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8d1d\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u8bf4\u201d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u610f\u5927\u5229\u7684\u7f57\u9a6c\u6559\u4f1a\u52bf\u529b\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4e00\u5f00\u5934\u5c31\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8bf7\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u6709\u7834\u574f\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u201d[1]\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u6709\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7406\u8bba\u52c7\u6c14\u7684\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u548c\u8868\u8fbe\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u6709\u7740\u590d\u6742\u800c\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7J.\u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\u66fe\u7ecf\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6587\u5316\u91cc\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5171\u540c\u5177\u6709\u56db\u79cd\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u4eea\u5f0f\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3002\u201d[2]\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5373\u4fbf\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u2014\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d4b\u4e88\u5b97\u6559\u4ee5\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5219\u7ed9\u4e88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u5176\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u83b7\u5f97\u5c0a\u656c\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u795e\u5723\u6027\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u9000\u5316\u6210\u4e3a\u50f5\u6b7b\u7684\u6cd5\u6761\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5219\u6613\u4e8e\u53d8\u4e3a\u72c2\u4fe1\u3002\u201d[3]<\/p>\n<p>\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u201c\u751f\u4e0e\u6b7b\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c[4]\u8fd9\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u5929\u7136\u8054\u7cfb\uff1a\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u5173\u6ce8\u5e76\u4e14\u4e00\u76f4\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002[5]<\/p>\n<p>\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u4f17\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5c3c\u91c7\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u5b97\u6559\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u662f\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6a21\u5f0f\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u4e60\u4fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4e4b\u6210\u4e3a\u51c6\u5219\u3002[6]\u800c\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u524d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u5e03\u4f26\u5357\uff08WilliamJ. Brennan\uff09\u5c31\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u4ece\u6700\u4e3a\u672c\u6e90\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4e89\u8fa9\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u201d[7]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0d\u5c11\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u5b58\u5e9f\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u56e0\u7d20\u5e38\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u6b7b\u5211\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8bba\u4e89\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u5f15\u5165\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u6216\u8005\u6734\u7d20\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6765\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f50\u8bc1\uff0c[8]\u8d5e\u6210\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\u5374\u63f4\u5f15\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6765\u8868\u660e\u6b7b\u5211\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6cd5\u5219\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u5728\u9648\u8ff0\u652f\u6301\u6216\u8005\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7406\u7531\u65f6\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u63f4\u5f15\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u3002[9]<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u8bd5\u56fe\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u4f5c\u4e00\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e0b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u652f\u91cd\u8981\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u9664\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u6709\u6240\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e00\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5c61\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u5b97\u6559\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u88ab\u65e2\u6709\u52bf\u529b\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u6210\u4e3a\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1b\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5e76\u4e3a\u4e16\u4fd7\u6743\u529b\u6240\u5bb9\u5fcd\u751a\u81f3\u63a8\u5d07\u540e\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u53c8\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u8feb\u5bb3\u5f02\u7aef\u52bf\u529b\u3002[10]<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e3a\u4f8b\u3002\u5728\u7f57\u9a6c\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\u6765\u81ea\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u3001\u666e\u4e16\u6027\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f81\u670d\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4fe1\u4ef0\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5a01\u80c1\u56fd\u5ea6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u53c8\u7531\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u5bf9\u7687\u5e1d\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u6000\u654c\u610f\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u79cd\u79cd\u5947\u602a\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u8c23\u8a00\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u6c11\u4f17\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6124\u6012\u548c\u63a7\u8bc9\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u53c2\u4e0e\u7687\u5e1d\u5d07\u62dc\u548c\u65e0\u795e\u50cf\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u6765\u6e90\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5723\u9910\u548c\u5f25\u6492\u540e\u7684\u805a\u9910\u906d\u53d7\u6050\u6016\u7684\u4e11\u5316\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6740\u5403\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u5bb4\u5e2d\u201d\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u6deb\u4e71\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u8f7b\u89c6\uff08\u7f57\u9a6c\uff09\u7956\u56fd\u7684\u795e\u660e\uff0c\u62db\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u707e\u96be\uff0c\u5982\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u3001\u6d2a\u6c34\u3001\u9965\u8352\u3001\u91ce\u86ee\u4eba\u7684\u4fb5\u7565\u3002\u4ece\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1dNero\uff08\u5c3c\u7984\uff09\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c[11]\u76f4\u52303\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u591a\u6b21\u5927\u7684\u6559\u96be\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5b97\u6559\u8feb\u5bb3\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7687\u5e1d\u662f\u5c3c\u7984\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u6559\u96be\u5e26\u7ed9\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6781\u5927\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u4ece\u6b64\u88ab\u6253\u4e0a\u4e86\u201c\u8be5\u6740\u6b7b\u8005\u201d\u7684\u70d9\u5370\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u7687\u5e1dDomitianus\uff08\u56fe\u5bc6\u5584\uff09\u3001Trainus\uff08\u56fe\u62c9\u771f\uff09\u53caMarcus Aurelius\uff08\u9a6c\u53ef\u00b7\u5965\u52d2\u7559\uff09\u7b49\u5728\u4f4d\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53c8\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u51e0\u6b21\u5927\u7684\u6559\u96be\u3002\u53ca\u81f3\u7687\u5e1dDecius\uff08\u5fb7\u897f\u4e4c\u65af\uff09\u5728\u4f4d\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u7684\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6559\u96be\u7684\u662f\u5927\u91cf\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u9c9c\u8840\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4eec\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u5e76\u88ab\u6b8b\u5fcd\u5730\u5904\u6b7b\uff0c\u5982\u88ab\u9489\u6b7b\u3001\u70e7\u6b7b\u6216\u88ab\u91ce\u517d\u730e\u6355\u3002[12]<\/p>\n<p>\u53ca\u81f3\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u88ab\u786e\u7acb\u4e3a\u7f57\u9a6c\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u5de9\u56fa\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u53c8\u6210\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6392\u9664\u5f02\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4ee5\u5176\u6b8b\u9177\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ca\u6253\u51fb\u9762\u4e4b\u5e7f\u800c\u89c1\u8bf8\u4e8e\u4e16\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u9881\u5e03\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u5f02\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u3002Aragon\uff08\u963f\u62c9\u8d21\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u738bPetrus\u2161\uff08\u4f2f\u591a\u7984\uff0f\u5f7c\u5f97\u4e8c\u4e16\uff09\u4e8e1197\u5e74\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u5f88\u4e25\u5389\u7684\u9547\u538b\u5f02\u7aef\u8005\u7684\u6555\u4ee4\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5ba3\u5e03\u5f02\u7aef\u8005\u5c06\u53d7\u706b\u5211\u3002[13]\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684Fredericus \u2161\uff08\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u4e8c\u4e16\uff09\u7687\u5e1d\u4e8e1220\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6555\u4ee4\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5e94\u8be5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6559\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u5f02\u7aef\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u4e2a\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e2d\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5f02\u7aef\u4eba\u58eb\u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u201d\u662f\u706b\u5211\u3002[14]\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e8e1401\u5e74\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u60e9\u6cbb\u5f02\u7aef\u6cd5\u4ee4\u201d\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5bf9\u5f02\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u5904\u7f5a\u3002[15]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5317\u90e8\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u7b49\u5730\u4e5f\u91c7\u53d6\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u6765\u5bf9\u4ed8\u90a3\u4e9b\u987d\u56fa\u4e0d\u5316\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u4eba\u58eb\u3002[16]\u6559\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5bf9\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u4eba\u6c11\u8fdb\u884c\u6b8b\u9177\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e5f\u6bd4\u6bd4\u7686\u662f\uff1a\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u3001\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u3001\u8584\u4f3d\u4e18\u7b49\u4eba\u5747\u56e0\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u89c1\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u906d\u5230\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\uff1b\u5e03\u9c81\u8bfa\u56e0\u7ef4\u62a4\u201c\u65e5\u5fc3\u8bf4\u201d\u88ab\u6d3b\u6d3b\u70e7\u6b7b\uff1b\u66f4\u6709\u751a\u8005\uff0c\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u4e0d\u5e78\u7684\u5987\u5973\u88ab\u5f53\u505a\u5973\u5deb\u70e7\u6b7b\u3002[17]\u6b63\u5982\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff1a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6240\u89c1\u8bc1\u7684\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u8fd1\u4e4e\u72c2\u70ed\u5730\u5c06\u6b7b\u5211\u6367\u4e0a\u5723\u575b\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u94f2\u9664\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6b66\u5668\u3002[18]<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u626e\u6f14\u6d88\u6781\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5c31\u66fe\u5229\u7528\u201c\u5723\u6bbf\u5e87\u62a4\u6743\u201d\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u5211\u72af\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5723\u6bbf\u5e87\u62a4\u6743\u201d\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6559\u5802\u4eab\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u7f6a\u72af\u7684\u7279\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6743\u662f\u4ece\u6559\u5802\u7684\u795e\u5723\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u6027\u6d3e\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u6743\u529b\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u6559\u5802\u5723\u5730\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5c11\u91cd\u5211\u72af\u518d\u72af\u7f6a\u540e\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u8eb2\u5165\u6559\u5802\u907f\u96be\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u907f\u96be\u671f\u9650\u7ed3\u675f\u524d\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u6289\u62e9\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u627f\u8ba4\u6240\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u88ab\u9012\u89e3\u51fa\u5883\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u4efb\u51ed\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u5ead\u5ba1\u5224\u3002[19]\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u65e0\u7591\u4e3a\u72af\u6709\u91cd\u7f6a\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u514d\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u4f8b\u59821511\u5e74\u5728\u7ea6\u514b\uff0c\u4e00\u540d\u6740\u4eba\u8005\u8eb2\u8fdb\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u6559\u5802\uff0c\u5728\u6559\u5802\u5ead\u9662\u907f\u96be\u3002\u4e8b\u53d1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7ea6\u514b\u5e02\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u6559\u5802\u6309\u7167\u53f8\u6cd5\u60ef\u4f8b\uff0c\u5728\u5e02\u5e9c\u5b98\u5458\u4e0e\u6559\u5802\u6559\u58eb\u53cc\u65b9\u76d1\u7763\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6740\u4eba\u8005\u5ba3\u8a93\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5373\u523b\u79bb\u5883\u51fa\u8d70\u6d77\u5916\u3002[20]\u53c8\u5982\uff0c\u636e\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u56e2\u85e4\u91cd\u5149\u8003\u8bc1\uff0c\u5728\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u540e100\u5e74\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e9f\u6b62\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\u3002[21]\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u90b1\u5174\u9686\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7684\u6700\u540e100\u5e74\u6070\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5174\u76db\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u547d\u795e\u5723\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bf4\u6559\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[22]\u4ed6\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u53e4\u7f57\u9a6c\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6700\u540e100\u5e74\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5e9f\u9664\u5f52\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u751f\u547d\u795e\u5723\u8bf4\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u63a8\u8bba\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u81ea16\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u534a\u671f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u6e90\u4e8e\u751f\u547d\u795e\u5723\u8bf4\u5219\u662f\u6709\u786e\u5207\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u5b9a\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u6b64\u95f4\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\u4eec\u6b63\u662f\u9ad8\u4e3e\u201c\u751f\u547d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u7f14\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u65e0\u6743\u5265\u593a\u201d\u7684\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u5728\u751f\u547d\u795e\u5723\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0b\uff0c\u62a8\u51fb\u6b7b\u5211\u5e76\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u6743\u53d1\u96be\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5439\u54cd\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u6b62\u8bba\u7684\u53f7\u89d2\u3002[23]<\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u5305\u5bb9\u5ea6\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u6709\u7740\u96be\u89e3\u96be\u5206\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5386\u671d\u5386\u4ee3\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u653f\u7b56\u90fd\u591a\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u6e17\u900f\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c49\u4ee3\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u79cb\u51ac\u884c\u5211\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u4fbf\u662f\u5112\u5b66\u5b97\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u5316\u540e\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u987a\u5e94\u5929\u9053\uff0c\u9664\u8c0b\u53cd\u5927\u9006\u201c\u51b3\u4e0d\u5f85\u65f6\u201d\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u6b7b\u5211\u72af\u987b\u5728\u4e07\u7269\u51cb\u96f6\u7684\u79cb\u51ac\u5b63\u884c\u5211\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u5211\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u4fbf\u662f\u8463\u4ef2\u8212\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u9634\u9633\u4e94\u884c\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e0e\u5929\u4eba\u611f\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u3002[24]\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c01\u5efa\u5e1d\u738b\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u201c\u65bd\u6069\u201d\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u8d66\u201d\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u5b97\u6559\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u5927\u8d66\u90fd\u53ca\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5927\u8d66\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u9002\u7528\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002[25]\u5e1d\u738b\u53d1\u5e03\u5927\u8d66\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6709\u6539\u5143\u3001\u7acb\u540e\u3001\u5efa\u50a8\u3001\u5927\u8868\u3001\u5b9a\u90fd\u3001\u514b\u6377\u3001\u5c01\u7985\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u4f20\u5165\u4e2d\u56fd\u540e\uff0c\u5e1d\u738b\u53c2\u4e0e\u4f5b\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u8d66\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u975e\u5e38\u5d07\u5c1a\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u6881\u6b66\u5e1d\uff0c\u5c31\u53d7\u5230\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u591a\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u8d66\u3002\u6881\u6b66\u5e1d\u7edf\u6cbb\u671f\u95f4\uff0c48\u5e74\u5171\u5927\u8d6637\u6b21\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u51e0\u6b21\u5927\u8d66\u90fd\u4e0e\u4f5b\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u5173\u3002\u8fd9\u51e0\u6b21\u4f5b\u4e8b\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\uff1a\u53d7\u4f5b\u6212\u3001\u820d\u8eab\u3001\u8bbe\u6cd5\u4f1a\u3001\u8bbe\u65e0\u906e\u5927\u4f1a\u3002[26]\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u5f88\u591a\u539f\u672c\u88ab\u5224\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u56da\u72af\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5168\u6027\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b97\u6559\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u5510\u4ee3\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u653f\u7b56\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5510\u9ad8\u7956\u6b66\u5fb7\u4e8c\u5e74\u8bcf\uff1a\u201c\u91ca\u5178\u5fae\u5999\uff0c\u51c0\u4e1a\u59cb\u4e8e\u6148\u60b2\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u81ea\u4eca\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u6b63\u6708\u3001\u4e94\u6708\u3001\u4e5d\u6708\uff0c\u53ca\u6bcf\u5e74\u5341\u658b\u65e5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5f97\u884c\u5211\uff1b\u6240\u5728\u5b98\u53f8\uff0c\u5b9c\u7981\u5c60\u6740\u3002\u201d[27]\u8fd9\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u201c\u65ad\u5c60\u6708\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5341\u658b\u65e5\u201d\u4e0d\u5f97\u884c\u5211\uff0c\u4ee5\u79ef\u9634\u5fb7\u3002\u5510\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u6240\u72af\u867d\u51b3\u4e0d\u5f85\u65f6\uff0c\u82e5\u4e8e\u65ad\u5c60\u6708\u53ca\u7981\u6740\u65e5\u800c\u51b3\u8005\uff0c\u5404\u6756\u516d\u5341\u3002\u5f85\u65f6\u800c\u8fdd\u8005\uff0c\u52a0\u4e8c\u7b49\u3002\u201d[28]\u5510\u592a\u5b97\u5728\u5c06\u5728\u4eac\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4e09\u590d\u594f\u6539\u4e3a\u4e94\u590d\u594f\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u66fe\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u547d\u81f3\u91cd\uff0c\u4e00\u6b7b\u4e0d\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u5b9d\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u547d\u7b2c\u4e00\u201d\u662f\u76f8\u543b\u5408\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5510\u4ee3\u8fd8\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u4e24\u5ea6\u4e0b\u8bcf\u5927\u91cf\u524a\u51cf\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u201c\u5929\u5b9d\u91cd\u6756\u4ee3\u6b7b\u5211\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u636e\u300a\u518c\u5e9c\u300b\u5211\u6cd5\u90e8\u8f7d\uff1a\u5929\u5b9d\u516d\u8f7d\u201c\u8bcf\u66f0\uff1a\u8054\u627f\u5927\u9053\u4e4b\u8bad\uff0c\u52a1\u597d\u751f\u4e4b\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e8e\u4eca\u7ea6\u6cd5\uff0c\u5df2\u53bb\u6781\u5211\u3002\u4e49\u7f6a\u6267\u6587\uff0c\u72b9\u5b58\u65e7\u65e5\uff0c\u65e2\u63aa\u800c\u4e0d\u7528\u4ea6\u6076\u95fb\u5176\u540d\u3002\u81ea\u4eca\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u65ad\u7ede\u3001\u65a9\u5211\u8005\u5b9c\u524a\u6b64\u6761\uff0c\u4ecd\u4ee4\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ea6\u8fd1\u4f8b\u8be6\u5b9a\u5904\u5206\u201d\u3002[29]\u53e6\u636e\u300a\u901a\u76d1\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u9664\u65a9\u3001\u7ede\u6761\uff1a\u4e0a\u6155\u597d\u751f\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u4ee4\u5e94\u7ede\u3001\u65a9\u8005\u7686\u91cd\u6756\u6d41\u5cad\u5357\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u6709\u53f8\u7387\u6756\u6740\u4e4b\u3002\u201d[30]\u81ea\u6b64\u89c2\u4e4b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u65a9\u4e0e\u7ede\u66fe\u5728\u5929\u5b9d\u516d\u5e74\u88ab\u660e\u4ee4\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u91cd\u6756\u3002[31]\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u201c\u6b7b\u7f6a\u6539\u6d41\u5211\u6cd5\u201d\u3002\u636e\u300a\u5510\u5fd7\u300b\u8f7d\uff1a\u201c\u5143\u548c\u516b\u5e74\uff0c\u8bcf\u4e24\u4eac\u3001\u5173\u5185\u3001\u6cb3\u4e1c\u3001\u6cb3\u5317\u3001\u6dee\u5357\u3001\u5c71\u5357\u4e1c\u897f\u9053\u6b7b\u7f6a\u5341\u6076\u3001\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u94f8\u94b1\u3001\u9020\u5370\uff0c\u82e5\u5f3a\u76d7\u6301\u4ed7\u52ab\u4eac\u5146\u754c\u4e2d\u53ca\u5b83\u76d7\u8d43\u903e\u4e09\u5339\u8005\uff0c\u8c15\u5982\u6545\u3002\u5176\u4f59\u6b7b\u7f6a\u7686\u6d41\u5929\u5fb7\u4e94\u57ce\uff0c\u7236\u7956\u5b50\u5b59\u6b32\u968f\u8005\uff0c\u5ffd\u7981\u3002\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7ede\u4e0e\u65a9\u5728\u5143\u548c\u516b\u5e74\u88ab\u5e9f\u9664\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u6d41\u653e\u3002\u6c88\u5bb6\u672c\u66fe\u5bf9\u6b64\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u8d1e\u89c2\u5f92\u6b7b\u7f6a\u620c\u897f\u5dde\u5c1a\u662f\u5b9e\u8fb9\u4e4b\u7b56\uff0c\u5929\u5b9d\u4ee5\u91cd\u4ed7\u4ee3\u6781\u5211\u800c\u65a9\u7ede\u4e4b\u540d\u5e9f\u3002\u5143\u548c\u5341\u6076\u7b49\u9879\u5916\u4f59\u6089\u6d41\u5929\u5fb7\u4e94\u57ce\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u6756\u4ea6\u51e0\u5e9f\u77e3\u3002\u662f\u5e9f\u6b7b\u5211\u4e4b\u8bf4\u5b9e\u80da\u80ce\u4e8e\u5510\uff0c\u867d\u672a\u5168\u5e9f\u800c\u5b58\u8005\u5df2\u5c11\u77e3\u3002\u4eca\u65e5\u897f\u56fd\u4e3a\u6b62\u6b7b\u5211\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u65e5\u626c\u5176\u6ce2\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u9042\u5e9f\u8005\uff0c\u6c14\u8fdc\u72b9\u672a\u81f3\u4e5f\u3002\u201d[33]\u90b1\u5174\u9686\u6559\u6388\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5510\u4ee3\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u524a\u51cf\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5e76\u672a\u4f7f\u6b7b\u5211\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u6240\u6301\u7684\u6392\u65a5\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u53c8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6570\u91cf\u5fae\u4e4e\u5176\u5fae\u3002[34]\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u201c\u8d1e\u89c2\u56db\u5e74\uff0c\u5929\u4e0b\u65ad\u6b7b\u7f6a\u4e09\u5341\u4e5d\u4eba\u2026\u2026\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff0c\u5211\u90e8\u6240\u65ad\u6b7b\u7f6a\u4e94\u5341\u516b\u4eba\u201d\u3002[35]<\/p>\n<p>\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u5510\u4ee3\u524a\u51cf\u6b7b\u5211\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u5e73\u5b89\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5723\u6b66\u5929\u7687\u4e8e\u795e\u9f9f\u4e8c\u5e74\uff08\u516c\u5143724\u5e74\uff09\u4e0b\u8bcf\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u9002\u7528\uff0c\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u6b7b\u7f6a\u964d\u4e3a\u6d41\u7f6a\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u81f3\u5d6f\u5ce8\u5929\u7687\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u5982\u65e2\u5f80\u5730\u575a\u6301\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u7b56\u4e3a\u540e\u4e16\u5404\u4ee3\u6240\u6cbf\u88ad\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u201c\u4fdd\u5143\u3001\u5e73\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e71\u201d\u624d\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ec8\u6b62\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86347\u5e74\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5947\u8ff9\u201d\u3002[36]<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u6b65\u524a\u3001\u5e9f\u6b7b\u5211\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u90b1\u5174\u9686\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u201c\u5e76\u975e\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7406\u5ff5\u4f7f\u7136\u201d\uff1a\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5510\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u88ab\u5949\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6212\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5fcc\u6740\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u5fcc\u6740\u751f\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u76f8\u62b5\u89e6\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524a\u51cf\u6b7b\u5211\u6307\u5bfc\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u201c\u627f\u5927\u9053\u4e4b\u8bad\uff0c\u52a1\u597d\u751f\u4e4b\u5fb7\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u5fcc\u6740\u751f\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u7684\u6298\u5c04\u3002\u800c\u6839\u636e\u65e5\u672c\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e73\u5b89\u738b\u671d\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u6d41\u884c\u4f5b\u6559\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5510\u4ee3\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u738b\u671d\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u524a\u5e9f\u90fd\u4e0e\u4f5b\u6559\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u6d41\u884c\u751a\u81f3\u88ab\u5949\u4e3a\u56fd\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u4f5b\u6559\u5949\u884c\u5fcc\u6740\u751f\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u6709\u5173\u3002\u90b1\u5174\u9686\u6559\u6388\u8fd8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4f5b\u6559\u5fcc\u6740\u751f\u7684\u6212\u5f8b\u7684\u4fe1\u5949\u800c\u524a\u3001\u5e9f\u6b7b\u5211\u8005\uff0c\u8fdc\u975e\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5510\u4ee3\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5e73\u5b89\u738b\u671d\u4e3a\u9650\uff0c\u540c\u4e3a\u4e9a\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9521\u5357\uff08\u5373\u4eca\u65af\u91cc\u5170\u5361\uff09\u4e5f\u66fe\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u800c\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e9f\u9664\u7684\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5bf9\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3002[37]<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6b67\u4e49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u6210\u4e0d\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u968f\u7740\u4e16\u4fd7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6709\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u628a\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u89c6\u4e3a\u5176\u53d1\u52a8\u5723\u6218\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5b9e\u65bd\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4f9d\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4fe1\u5f92\u548c\u9886\u8896\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u662f\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u5b83\u8865\u5145\u6761\u4ef6\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u5b97\u6559\u5c31\u662f\u70ed\u7231\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5168\u90e8\u6559\u4e49\u2014\u542c\u4ece\u771f\u4e3b\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u7ef4\u62a4\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u4ec1\u6148\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u597d\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3002[38]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u661f\u4e91\u6cd5\u5e08\u660e\u786e\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u4f5b\u6559\u56e0\u679c\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0a\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5982\u662f\u56e0\u62db\u611f\u5982\u662f\u679c\uff0c\u9020\u56e0\u4e0d\u53d7\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002\u6b7b\u5211\u867d\u7136\u6b8b\u5fcd\uff0c\u4f46\u5408\u4e4e\u4f5b\u6559\u56e0\u679c\u62a5\u5e94\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002\u4f5b\u6559\u9996\u91cd\u6212\u6740\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u4ea6\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0a\u5ea7\u90e8\u7684\u7f57\u6c49\u4ee5\u6148\u60b2\u5bbd\u6055\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7684\u56e0\u81ea\u536b\u800c\u6740\u6b7b\u5bf9\u65b9\uff1b\u5927\u4e58\u7684\u83e9\u8428\u5374\u4ee5\u6740\u5c11\u6551\u591a\uff0c\u6740\u574f\u6551\u597d\u62c5\u5f53\u8d77\u6740\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u8981\u89c6\u5176\u5185\u5fc3\u8d77\u5ff5\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u53bb\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u5224\u4eba\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u63ba\u6742\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6069\u6028\u3001\u5229\u5bb3\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u57fa\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u516c\u7406\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5982\u6b64\u505a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5224\u51b3\u6b7b\u5211\u6740\u4eba\uff0c\u4f5b\u6559\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u9053\u5fb7\u3002\u800c\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u6267\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f6a\u72af\u65e0\u51a4\u65e0\u4ec7\uff0c\u65e0\u6740\u5fc3\uff0c\u884c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u65e0\u8bb0\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6ca1\u6709\u7f6a\u8fc7\u3002\u4f46\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u8bba\u8005\u5bf9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\u5374\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7136\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u6709\u8bba\u8005\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u6740\u751f\u201d\u662f\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5927\u6212\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5b\u6559\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u3002\u751a\u81f3\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u3001\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u90fd\u72af\u4e86\u6740\u751f\u7f6a\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4f5b\u6559\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u4f5b\u6027\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u9020\u597d\uff0c\u800c\u6b7b\u5211\u65ad\u7edd\u4e86\u653e\u4e0b\u5c60\u5200\u7acb\u5730\u6210\u4f5b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002[39]<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c45\u591a\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u4fe1\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u7684\u795e\u5723\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u5c31\u50cf\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u65b0\u65e7\u7ea6\u5723\u7ecf\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5f97\u51fa\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u770b\u4f3c\u76f8\u4e92\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u7ecf\u6587\uff0c\u4f7f\u89e3\u7ecf\u5bb6\u4eec\u5c31\u5723\u7ecf\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u7acb\u573a\u4f5c\u51fa\u6b63\u3001\u53cd\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u90fd\u63f4\u5f15\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u6765\u8868\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u5173\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u751f\u547d\u795e\u5723\u6027\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6b67\u4e49\u4f7f\u5f97\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\u8fd8\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u63f4\u5f15\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7406\u7531\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u62a5\u5e94\u8bba\uff08\u62a5\u5e94\u8bba\u6b63\u662f\u6b7b\u5211\u6b63\u5f53\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u6240\u5265\u593a\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u521b\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\u7b2c\u4e5d\u7ae0\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u4e0e\u632a\u4e9a\u7acb\u7ea6\u65f6\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u6d41\u4f60\u4eec\u8840\u3001\u5bb3\u4f60\u4eec\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u517d\u662f\u4eba\uff0c\u6211\u5fc5\u8ba8\u4ed6\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5411\u5404\u4eba\u7684\u5f1f\u5144\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u51e1\u6d41\u4eba\u8840\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8840\u4e5f\u5fc5\u88ab\u4eba\u6d41\u3002\u201d\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u62a5\u5e94\u8bba\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u53e5\u5b50\u201c\u4ee5\u773c\u8fd8\u773c\uff0c\u4ee5\u7259\u8fd8\u7259\u201d\u4e5f\u51fa\u81ea\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u3002\uff082\uff09\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\u5728\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u5229\u672a\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4fbf\u76f4\u63a5\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e09\u5341\u591a\u79cd\u9700\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[40]\uff083\uff09\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u6c42\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u7f57\u9a6c\u4e66\u300b\u4e2d\u8036\u7a23\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f57\u7684\u6559\u8bf2\uff0c\u201c\u4f60\u82e5\u4f5c\u6076\u5374\u5f53\u60e7\u6015\uff1b\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u7a7a\u7a7a\u5730\u4f69\u5251\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u795e\u7684\u7528\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4f38\u51a4\u7684\uff0c\u5211\u7f5a\u90a3\u4f5c\u6076\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u636e\u6b64\u63a8\u5bfc\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c06\u8fd0\u7528\u5211\u7f5a\u5305\u62ec\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6388\u4e88\u4e86\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u53ef\u4ee5\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u6740\u4eba\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8d4b\u4e88\u6b7b\u5211\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d4b\u4e88\u6807\u699c\u201c\u795e\u7684\u7528\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u884c\u4f7f\u6c42\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002[41]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u5747\u88ab\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5ba3\u626c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8bba\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u8005\u5219\u5bf9\u5723\u7ecf\u8fdb\u884c\u5982\u4e0b\u89e3\u8bfb\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u662f\u8d85\u7136\u7684\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u521b\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\u4e2d\u8bf4\u201c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6309\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u5f62\u50cf\u9020\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u636e\u6b64\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7531\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8d50\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u81f3\u9ad8\u65e0\u4e0a\u7684\u8d85\u7136\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u65e0\u6743\u5265\u593a\u3002\uff082\uff09\u201c\u4ee5\u547d\u62b5\u547d\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7231\u662f\u65e0\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5bf9\u4efb\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e5f\u662f\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u3002[42]\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u521b\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u8be5\u9690\u5728\u6740\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5144\u5f1f\u4e9a\u4f2f\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5bf9\u5176\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u8be5\u9690\u518d\u88ab\u522b\u4eba\u6740\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7ed9\u8be5\u9690\u6253\u4e0a\u4e86\u8bb0\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u51e1\u6740\u8be5\u9690\u7684\uff0c\u5fc5\u906d\u62a5\u4e03\u500d\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6740\u4eba\u662f\u8be5\u53d7\u5230\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e5f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u4ee5\u547d\u62b5\u547d\u201d\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c3d\u529b\u4fdd\u62a4\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\uff083\uff09\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u6740\u4eba\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u51fa\u57c3\u53ca\u8bb0\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u7533\u547d\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5747\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u6469\u897f\u5341\u8beb\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u516d\u8beb\u6761\u4fbf\u4e3a\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6740\u4eba\u201d\uff0c[43]\u8fd9\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\u3002\uff084\uff09\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u4e00\u5c31\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u4eba\u5411\u5584\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u4e3a\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u539f\u8c05\u4e0e\u5bbd\u6055\u3002\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u00b7\u9a6c\u592a\u798f\u97f3\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u8a00\u66f0\uff1a\u201c\u4f60\u4eec\u9976\u6055\u4eba\u7684\u8fc7\u72af\uff0c\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u5929\u7236\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9976\u6055\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u8fc7\u72af\u3002\u201d\u5728\u65b0\u7ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u6559\u5bfc\u7231\u4e0e\u5bbd\u6055\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\u201c\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u6076\u4eba\u4f5c\u5bf9\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u6253\u4f60\u7684\u53f3\u8138\uff0c\u8fde\u5de6\u8138\u4e5f\u8f6c\u8fc7\u6765\u7531\u4ed6\u6253\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5f53\u7231\u4f60\u4eec\u7684\u4ec7\u654c\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u8036\u7a23\u7684\u6b64\u79cd\u6559\u5bfc\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u4e5f\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u6d41\u8840\u7684\u7981\u5fcc\uff0c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u907f\u4e4b\u5982\u864e\u3002Jean Guiraud\u66fe\u8bc4\u4ef7\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u9547\u538b\u5f02\u7aef\u7684\u6700\u4e25\u5389\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5979\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u5fd8\u5374\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u5219\uff1a\u2018\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u5e76\u975e\u7f6a\u8005\u6b7b\u4ea1\u800c\u662f\u5176\u7688\u4f9d\u2019\u3002\u201d[44]\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f02\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u88ab\u6355\u540e\u62d2\u7edd\u6094\u8fc7\u81ea\u8d4e\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u56e0\u201c\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u4e8b\u7531\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u5219\u5b97\u6559\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f1a\u5c06\u5176\u79fb\u4ea4\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u5ead\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5224\u5904\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u5982Maycock\u5206\u6790\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u5f02\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\u9762\u4e34\u4e24\u4e2a\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u8981\u4e48\u5fcf\u6094\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u82e6\u4fee\u4ee5\u8d4e\u7f6a\uff1b\u8981\u4e48\u575a\u6301\u5176\u7f6a\u5b7d\uff0c\u88ab\u6559\u4f1a\u629b\u5f03\u5e76\u79fb\u9001\u4e16\u4fd7\u5f53\u5c40\u3002\u5728\u524d\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f1a\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u91cd\u4fee\u548c\u597d\uff0c\u8ff7\u9014\u7f94\u7f8a\u91cd\u56de\u7f8a\u7fa4\uff1b\u5728\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u516c\u7136\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ed6\u5c06\u88ab\u5904\u6b7b\u3002\u201d[45]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5c06\u88ab\u544a\u79fb\u4ea4\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b98\u53c8\u4f1a\u5411\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u5ead\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ec1\u6148\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0d\u8981\u5224\u5904\u88ab\u544a\u6b7b\u5211\u7b49\u30021209\u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5c81\u9a6c\u6559\u7687\u82f1\u8bfa\u68ee\u4e09\u4e16\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u8c15\u4e2d\u4e5f\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u79fb\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e16\u4fd7\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u8981\u5265\u593a\u72af\u7f6a\u8005\u7684\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u8bf7\u6c42\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6b7b\u5211\u5904\u7f5a\u4e4b\u3002\u201d[46]\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5bb3\u6015\u5f02\u7aef\u52bf\u529b\u52a8\u6447\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6b63\u7edf\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u5f02\u7aef\u5206\u5b50\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u53d7\u6559\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4ec1\u6148\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5bbd\u6055\u201d\u53ca\u201c\u672b\u65e5\u5ba1\u5224\u201d\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u53c8\u663e\u5f97\u72b9\u8c6b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u4e49\u8d70\u5728\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u524d\u5217\uff0c\u4f46\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u540c\u5c5e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5374\u81f3\u4eca\u4fdd\u7559\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u867d\u7136\u6709\u7684\u5dde\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e14\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5224\u51b3\u548c\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u6570\u5e76\u4e0d\u591a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u800c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f46\u82e5\u4ece\u5f7b\u5e95\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5374\u4ecd\u7136\u9065\u4e0d\u53ef\u53ca\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u73b0\u8c61\u81ea\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5211\u7f5a\u7406\u8bba\u5d07\u5c1a\u62a5\u5e94\u8bba\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u72af\u7f6a\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u91cd\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u949f\u745e\u534e\u535a\u58eb\u5728\u70b9\u8bc4\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u201c\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u7684\u8bb2\u5ea7\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7ecf\u8fc7\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fdb\u5165\u8fd1\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5723\u7ecf\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\u4e25\u91cd\u5206\u5316\u3002\u5927\u81f4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u53d7\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u6301\u8f83\u4e3a\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6559\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u6b7b\u5211\u5265\u593a\u4eba\u6539\u8fc7\u81ea\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u666e\u904d\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5f3a\u52bf\u5730\u4f4d\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u5219\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7ecf\u5178\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4f5c\u60b2\u89c2\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u80cc\u8d1f\u539f\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u72af\u7f6a\u4f5c\u6076\u7684\u60b2\u60e8\u5883\u51b5\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u5815\u843d\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u60e9\u7f5a\u548c\u6b7b\u5211\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u4eba\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u9002\u5ea6\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u79e9\u5e8f\u6240\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u6076\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u8bbe\u7684\u4e16\u4fd7\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4e3a\u5236\u6b62\u90aa\u6076\u7684\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u751f\u6709\u6743\u4f9d\u7167\u6cd5\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7ed9\u4e88\u5236\u88c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u62c9\u952f\u6218\uff0c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u5e76\u672a\u53d6\u5f97\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u795e\u5b66\u4ecd\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u6781\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u671f\u3001\u4e00\u4e9b\u5dde\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u53ef\u80fd\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u81ea\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u6709\u6d53\u91cd\u7684\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u4eec\u5728\u795e\u5b66\u4e0a\u91cd\u89c6\u65e7\u7ea6\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u6709\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\uff08\u6e05\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u4e4b\u7236\uff09\u795e\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u4eba\u7684\u5168\u7136\u5815\u843d\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u6027\u6301\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u60b2\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u7f8e\u56fd\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u81ea\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u95f4\u65ad\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ecd\u6709\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u56e2\u4f53\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u6b63\u7edf\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6210\u4e3a\u53cd\u5bf9\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5fb7\u514b\u8428\u65af\u5dde\uff0c\u5c0f\u5e03\u4ec0\u4efb\u5dde\u957f\u76846\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u5171\u6709150\u4eba\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4ed6\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6b7b\u5211\u5dde\u957f\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u963b\u6b62\u4ed6\u4e24\u5ea6\u5165\u4e3b\u767d\u5bab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u949f\u535a\u58eb\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u770b\u6cd5\u5e76\u975e\u5929\u8863\u65e0\u7f1d\uff0c[47]\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u7559\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u5bf9\u5792\uff0c\u4e5f\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c6\u89d2\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u65b0\u9896\u800c\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u542f\u8fea\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e09\u3001\u5f53\u4ee3\u5e9f\u9664\u548c\u9650\u5236\u6b7b\u5211\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u9ea6\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u83b1\u7279\u5728\u8c08\u8bba\u516c\u4f17\u8f6c\u53d8\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u65f6\u5c31\u66fe\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u768425\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u8206\u8bba\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u662f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u201d[48]\u5728\u5ba3\u626c\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u53ef\u8c13\u4e0d\u9057\u4f59\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9664\u4e86\u53d1\u8868\u58f0\u660e\u547c\u5401\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u5eb7\u6d85\u72c4\u683c\u5dde\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u5dde\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bbe\u6cd5\u8fd0\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u6e20\u9053\u6765\u633d\u6551\u6b7b\u5211\u72af\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u5f53\u5c5e\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6559\u7687\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4fdd\u7f57\u4e8c\u4e16\u30021990\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u516c\u5f00\u53d1\u8868\u58f0\u660e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5e76\u66fe\u8fd0\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u633d\u6551\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b7b\u5211\u72af\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff0c\u59821999\u5e74\uff0c\u5bc6\u82cf\u91cc\u5dde\u5dde\u957f\u6885\u5c14\u00b7\u5361\u7eb3\u6c49\u5c31\u5c0a\u91cd\u6559\u7687\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u514d\u9664\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e09\u91cd\u6740\u624b\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u53c8\u5982\uff0c2000\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6bcf25\u5e74\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u5927\u8d66\u5e74\u6765\u4e34\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u6559\u7687\u53c8\u91cd\u7533\u4ed6\u5e0c\u671b\u770b\u5230\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u529f\u5730\u4e3a\u51e0\u4e2a\u6b7b\u56da\u72af\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u597d\u51e0\u4e2a\u5dde\u7684\u5dde\u957f\u7533\u8bf7\u5230\u4e86\u8d66\u514d\u30022001\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u66ff\u4fc4\u514b\u62c9\u8377\u9a6c\u57ce\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5927\u697c\u7206\u70b8\u6848\u5236\u9020\u8005Timothy Mcveigh\u5411\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5e03\u4ec0\u603b\u7edf\u8bf7\u6c42\u8fc7\u7279\u8d66\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u6b21\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0cTimothy Mcveigh\u57282001\u5e746\u670811\u65e5\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u8fd140\u5e74\u6765\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u56da\u72af\u3002[49]<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u8fd8\u662f\u65b0\u6559\uff09\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u6216\u5728\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u516c\u5f00\u652f\u6301\u5b8c\u5168\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u3002[50]\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\u7684\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6700\u5927\u5206\u652f\u7684\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa70\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7acb\u573a\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u8d85\u8fc7\u5341\u4ebf\u4fe1\u5f92\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002[51]\u56e0\u4e3a\u76f4\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8fd8\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u6743\uff08\u6709\u65f6\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\uff09\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u5341\u6076\u4e0d\u8d66\u7684\u7f6a\u884c\u65bd\u52a0\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u4e00\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u517680\uff05\u7684\u4eba\u90fd\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u4f1a\u5728\u8be5\u56fd\u4e5f\u6709\u7740\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u30022006\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u603b\u7edf\u963f\u7f57\u7ea6\uff08\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff09\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u300a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u7b2c9346\u53f7\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8981\u7279\u522b\u8f6c\u8ff0\u4e00\u4e0b\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\u5728\u5176\u300a\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u800c\u6218\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6240\u8d77\u5230\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff1a1978\u5e741\u670823\u65e5\uff0c[52]\u201c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4e3b\u6559\u56e2\u793e\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u4e3a\u201c\u5173\u4e8e\u6b7b\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u601d\u8003\u201d\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u6beb\u4e0d\u72b9\u8c6b\u5730\u8d5e\u6210\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6\u662f\u7531\u9a6c\u585e\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u3001\u4e3b\u6559\u56e2\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u57c3\u5207\u5496\u83b1\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u5728\u201c\u6559\u533a\u7b80\u62a5\u201d\u4e0a\u516c\u5e03\u7684\uff0c\u670910\u4f4d\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6559\u58eb\u7b7e\u540d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u7279\u7f57\u74e6\u4e3b\u6559\u4f5b\u820d\uff08Fauchet\uff09\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u65b0\u95fb\u754c\u3002\u6587\u4ef6\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u91cd\u63d0\u4e86\u5723\u5f92\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3\u66fe\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u5b9e\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u91cd\u63d0\u4e86\u201c\u603b\u662f\u63f4\u8ff0\u5f02\u7aef\u90aa\u8bf4\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u201d\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u7684\u88c1\u51b3\uff1b\u5b83\u4e5f\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u6559\u4f1a\u4e0e\u541b\u4e3b\u3001\u738b\u4faf\u4eec\u5728\u8fd0\u7528\u6b7b\u5211\u65b9\u9762\u957f\u671f\u4e32\u901a\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u4e3b\u6559\u58f0\u660e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u672c\u6e90\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u58f0\u660e\u63d0\u9192\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u4e43\u8089\u4f53\u4e0e\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c\u7075\u4e0e\u8089\u90fd\u611f\u6069\u4e8e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u201d\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u8840\u6709\u8089\u7684\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u51b7\u9759\u5730\u4e2d\u65ad\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u795e\u79d8\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u3002[53]\u58f0\u660e\u4ee5\u96c4\u8fa9\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u4e49\uff0c\u201c\u5c06\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5904\u6b7b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6709\u91cd\u65b0\u505a\u4eba\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6000\u7591\u2018\u5bbd\u6055\u2019\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u2018\u6551\u4e16\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u2019\u4e0e\u2018\u7688\u4f9d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u2019\u201d\u3002\u58f0\u660e\u63a5\u7740\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6b63\u89c4\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6709\u7f6a\u4e3a\u501f\u53e3\u800c\u5904\u5206\u4ed6\u7684\u751f\u547d\u3002\u751f\u547d\u6743\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u662f\u65e0\u89c6\u4eba\u7684\u8840\u8089\u751f\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e3b\u6559\u6587\u4ef6\u6700\u540e\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7b7e\u7f72\u672c\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6df1\u601d\u719f\u8651\u540e\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u5e94\u4e88\u5e9f\u9664\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4e0a\u53f8\u7684\u540c\u610f\u3002\u4e00\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u68b5\u8482\u5188\u7684\u673a\u5173\u62a5\u300a\u7f57\u9a6c\u89c2\u5bdf\u5bb6\u62a5\u300b\u5c31\u5ba3\u544a\u8d5e\u6210\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u63a8\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u201c\u9ad8\u5174\u6781\u4e86\u201d\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u7ed9\u57c3\u5207\u5496\u83b1\u7ea2\u8863\u4e3b\u6559\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u5411\u4ed6\u8868\u793a\u795d\u8d3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5411\u6240\u6709\u7b7e\u7f72\u8fd9\u9879\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u8868\u793a\u795d\u8d3a\uff0c\u795d\u8d3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u52c7\u6c14\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u6559\u58f0\u660e\u6fc0\u8d77\u7684\u53cd\u54cd\u5728\u9884\u6599\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1a\u5de6\u7ffc\u62a5\u520a\u8868\u793a\u70ed\u70c8\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u53f3\u7ffc\u62a5\u520a\u6709\u6240\u4fdd\u7559\uff0c\u6781\u53f3\u7ffc\u5219\u662f\u767e\u822c\u8bcb\u6bc1\u3002\u6700\u4e3a\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6765\u81ea\u539f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5f17\u6717\u7d22\u74e6\u00b7\u7f57\u6885\u7f57\u5965\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4e45\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e9b\u652f\u6301\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u7684\u5211\u4e8b\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4eba\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6b63\u5f53\u9632\u536b\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u5927\u58f0\u75be\u547c\uff1a\u201c\u4e3b\u6559\u4eec\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u5417\uff1f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u6709\u8fd9\u4e48\u574f\u7684\u5065\u5fd8\u75c7\uff0c\u4ece\u8d1d\u5c14\u7eb3\u5230\u5723\u5973\u8d1e\u5fb7\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5723\u4eba\u4e0d\u90fd\u6740\u4eba\u5417\uff1f\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u4e0e\u65ad\u5934\u53f0\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u533a\u522b\uff1f\u201d\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e3b\u6559\u58f0\u660e\u5bf9\u6539\u53d8\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5bf9\u5f85\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8206\u8bba\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u6700\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4e0d\u8bba\u4f60\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u5bf9\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u786e\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u52a8\u4e8e\u8877\u201d[54]\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56db\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u8981\u96be\u5e9f\u9664\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u52bf\u5fc5\u9002\u5f53\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u65b9\u9762\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5c31\u6b7b\u5211\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56fd\u5916\u65e9\u5c31\u6709\u4eba\u58eb\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7fa4\u4f53\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u50ac\u5316\u5242\u2026\u2026\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u8981\u5145\u5206\u53d1\u6325\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\u800c\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u201d[55]<\/p>\n<p>2004\u5e74\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u4e0e\u6765\u534e\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\u5148\u751f\u4f1a\u8c08\uff0c\u8ba9\u7b14\u8005\u81f3\u4eca\u8bb0\u5fc6\u72b9\u65b0\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u5149\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u547c\u5401\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u53d1\u52a8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4eba\u7269\u6765\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5982\u8457\u540d\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u3001\u4f5c\u5bb6\u3001\u8fd0\u52a8\u5458\u548c\u5f71\u661f\u7b49\u3002\u786e\u5b9e\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u6700\u8fd1\u6536\u5230\u53f0\u6e7e\u53cb\u4eba\u5bc4\u6765\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u300a\u6b7b\u5211\u5b58\u5e9f\u7684\u65b0\u601d\u7ef4\u300b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u5f8b\u5e08\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u201c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u66f4\u751f\u56e2\u5951\u603b\u5e72\u4e8b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72af\u7f6a\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u4fdd\u62a4\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u201d\u7b49\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8bdd\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\uff08\u5982\u57fa\u7763\u6559\uff09\u53c8\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u7b14\u8005\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u540c\u610f\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u201c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7cbe\u4e49\u4e0e\u72b9\u592a\u6559\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6559\u4e49\u5f88\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4fe1\u4ef0\u8654\u8bda\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e09\u4e2a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u597d\u4eba\u3002\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u5bf9\u7a46\u65af\u6797\uff0c\u300a\u8ba8\u62c9\u7279\u300b\u5bf9\u72b9\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u5bf9\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u4eec\u5d07\u62dc\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u9020\u7269\u4e3b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc5\u987b\u5bbd\u5bb9\u548c\u4ec1\u6148\u3002\u201d[56]\u9488\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u9664\u4e43\u5f53\u4ee3\u5168\u7403\u5927\u52bf\u6240\u8d8b\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u90fd\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b64\u4e3b\u6d41\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5176\u6559\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5ba3\u626c\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u8fd8\u505c\u7559\u5728\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b97\u6559\u6559\u4e49\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7406\u89e3\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u6001\u52bf\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u5bf9\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6b7b\u5211\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4e86\u89e3\uff08\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6b7b\u5211\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u516c\u5e73\u7684\uff0c\u6b8a\u4e0d\u77e5\u6b7b\u5211\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u4ed6\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u90a3\u822c\u5b8c\u7f8e\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u7684\u53cd\u6b7b\u5211\u4eba\u58eb\u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u5854\u5df4\u514b\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u8bb8\u591a\u4fe1\u6559\u4eba\u58eb\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5173\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u6267\u884c\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4fe1\u606f\u2026\u2026\u5f53\u62112001\u5e74\u5728\u7ebd\u7ea6\u7684\u7f57\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u57f9\u8bad\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8005\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u62d2\u7edd\u53c2\u4e0e\u6559\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u56de\u7b54\u63d0\u95ee\u8005\u5173\u4e8e\u6b7b\u5211\u5b9e\u8df5\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u8bba\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201d[57]<\/p>\n<p>1949\u5e74\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u6210\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u65e0\u795e\u8bba\u7684\u5ba3\u4f20\u548c\u5bf9\u5916\u56fd\u5b97\u6559\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8b66\u60d5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b97\u6559\u88ab\u8d34\u4e0a\u201c\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u9e26\u7247\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5c01\u5efa\u8ff7\u4fe1\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5f02\u7aef\u201d\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u8fdc\u79bb\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u73af\u5883\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u96be\u4ee5\u6df1\u5207\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u4fe1\u6559\u7fa4\u4f17\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u636e\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u73b0\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u5f921\u4ebf\u591a\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6bcf\u5e74\u6062\u590d\u3001\u65b0\u5efa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6559\u5802\u5c31\u6709\u7ea6600\u6240\u3002[58]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u56fd\u5f53\u524d\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u6b7b\u5211\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u5ffd\u7565\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba9\u5b97\u6559\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u4e86\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6211\u56fd\u6b7b\u5211\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u548c\u7d27\u8feb\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u5176\u5f15\u5bfc\u4fe1\u4f17\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8206\u8bba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5218\u4ec1\u6587\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u6cd5\u5b66\u6240\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u3010\u6ce8\u91ca\u3011<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u53c2\u89c1[\u65e5]\u56e2\u85e4\u91cd\u5149\uff1a\u300a\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u6b62\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u8fb0\u5f66\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5546\u9f0e\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c129\u9875\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u4ee5\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u6559\u4e49\u7981\u6b62\u81ea\u6740\uff08\u5f53\u65f6\u6b27\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5211\u6cd5\u666e\u904d\u90fd\u6709\u81ea\u6740\u7f6a\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8d1d\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u6b64\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8bba\u8bc1\u4eba\u4eec\u5728\u62ff\u51fa\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7ec4\u6210\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4ea4\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5c31\u4e0e\u201c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u6740\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u547d\u9898\u76f8\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[2][\u7f8e]\u54c8\u7f57\u5fb7\u00b7J.\u4f2f\u5c14\u66fc\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u6881\u6cbb\u5e73\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c12\uff5e13\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u540c\u6ce8[2]\uff0c\u7b2c12\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[4]Robert L. Young, Religious Orientation, Race and Support for the Death Penalty, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,1992, 31\uff081\uff09\uff0cp76.<\/p>\n<p>[5]http:\/\/www2.li b.une. ed a \/mss\/exhibits\/penalty\/religi on.html\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u53c2\u89c1[\u5fb7]\u5c3c\u91c7\uff1a\u300a\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b\uff0c\u9ec4\u660e\u5609\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c263\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u674e\u7acb\u4e30\uff1a\u300a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u6b7b\u56da\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u89c6\u91ce\u4e2d\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b7b\u5211\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c97\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[7]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[9]See Kevin H. Wozniak, Andrew R. Lewis. Reexamining the Effect of Christian Denominational Affiliation on Death Penalty Support, Journal of Criminal Justice, 38 \uff082010\uff09, p1082.<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u7b14\u8005\u66fe\u5e94\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u6cd5\u5b66\u6240\u516c\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4efb\u83ab\u7eaa\u5b8f\u6559\u6388\u7684\u9080\u8bf7\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u4e3a\u9898\u505a\u5ba2\u4ed6\u4e3b\u6301\u7684\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u6cd5\u201d\u8bba\u575b\uff0c\u949f\u745e\u534e\u535a\u5341\u5728\u62c5\u4efb\u8bc4\u8bba\u4eba\u65f6\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u5982\u4e0b\u610f\u89c1\u6765\u652f\u6301\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u56de\u987e\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e24\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u6709\u4e3b\u6d41\u6709\u652f\u6d41\uff0c\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u4e5f\u6709\u5206\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6559\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6700\u521d\u4e09\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u91cc\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u5904\u4e8e\u4e25\u91cd\u53d7\u903c\u8feb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u6559\u5bfc\u4fe1\u5f92\u53cd\u5bf9\u6740\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u62d2\u7edd\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u6216\u53c2\u4e0e\u516c\u5f00\u884c\u5211\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65e9\u671f\u6559\u7236\u5fb7\u5c14\u56fe\u826f\uff08\u7ea6150\uff5e225\u5e74\uff09\u5c31\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728313\u5e74\u83b7\u5f97\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c380\u5e74\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u8dc3\u5c45\u5e1d\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u540e\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u8f6c\u800c\u5f00\u59cb\u8bba\u8bc1\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f7f\u7528\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u9042\u6210\u4e3a\u795e\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u914d\u5408\u4e16\u4fd7\u653f\u6743\u5229\u7528\u6b7b\u5211\u5904\u6b7b\u5f02\u7aef\u3001\u901a\u5978\u72af\u3001\u540c\u6027\u604b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u8272\u4eba\u7b49\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u8f83\u4e3a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u3001\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5982\u6559\u7236\u5723\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\uff08354\uff5e430\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u683c\u62c9\u63d0\u5b89\uff08\u7ea61090\uff5e1159\u5e74\uff09\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u8005\u963f\u594e\u90a3\uff08\u7ea61225\uff5e1274\u5e74\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5904\u6b7b\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u7684\u60e9\u7f5a\u300216\u4e16\u7eaa\u65b0\u6559\u6539\u9769\u540e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u50cf\u95e8\u8bfa\u6d3e\u90a3\u6837\u81ea\u59cb\u5c31\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c0f\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u4f46\u65b0\u6559\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u6d3e\u522b\uff0c\u5982\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u3001\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u5b97\u548c\u5b89\u7acb\u7518\u5b97\u5374\u90fd\u662f\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u9971\u53d7\u4e16\u4eba\u8bdf\u75c5\u7684\u201c\u5f02\u7aef\u585e\u7ef4\u7279\u88ab\u70e7\u201d\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5f88\u591a\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u4e8b\u540e\u5bf9\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u90fd\u662f\u989d\u624b\u76f8\u5e86\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u5c3c\u7984\u5728\u4f4d\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a54\uff5e68\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[12][\u5fb7]\u6bd5\u5c14\u9ea6\u5c14\u7b49\u7f16\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u53e4\u4ee3\u6559\u4f1a\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u96f7\u7acb\u67cf\u8bd1\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u793e2009\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c42\uff5e60\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u53c2\u89c1[\u5fb7]\u6bd5\u5c14\u9ea6\u5c14\u7b49\u7f16\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u4f1a\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u96f7\u7acb\u67cf\u8bd1\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u6587\u5316\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c192\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u540c\u6ce8[13]\uff0c\u7b2c271\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u53c2\u89c1\u5218\u8bda\uff1a\u300a\u82f1\u56fd\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u6559\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u9996\u90fd\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c257\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u53c2\u89c1\u6ce8[13]\uff0c\u7b2c270\uff5e271\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u53c2\u89c1[\u82f1]\u7f57\u7d20\uff1a\u300a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5f92\u300b\uff0c\u5f90\u5955\u6625\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862010\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c35\u9875\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6559\u4f1a\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u8feb\u5bb3\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u6b8b\u9177\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b66\u754c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6709\u8bba\u8005\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u201c\u5e03\u9c81\u8bfa\u548c\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u53d7\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u88ab\u5938\u5927\u5230\u5ffd\u7565\u548c\u4fee\u6539\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u5730\u6b65\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u8bf4\u4e0b\u5217\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u5e03\u9c81\u8bfa\u6240\u5ba3\u4f20\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u7684\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u795e\u5b66\u3001\u661f\u8c61\u5b66\u3001\u5deb\u672f\u548c\u54e5\u767d\u5c3c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u7269\uff1b\u4f3d\u5229\u7565\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u62f7\u6253\u3001\u6234\u4e0a\u9563\u94d0\u548c\u88ab\u523a\u778e\u773c\u775b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u957f\u671f\u5173\u5728\u76d1\u7262\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u88ab\u76d1\u7981\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8f6f\u7981\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u89c1\u5f7c\u5f97\u65af\uff1a\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u300b\uff08E. Pe-ters, Inquisition. London:Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1988\uff09\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u5f6d\u5c0f\u745c\uff1a\u300a\u6559\u4f1a\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76\u2014\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c3\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[18]\u540c\u6ce8[7]\uff0c\u7b2c99\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[19]\u540c\u6ce8[15]\uff0c\u7b2c167\uff5e168\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[20]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u6ce8[15]\uff0c\u7b2c169\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[21]\u53c2\u89c1[\u65e5]\u56e2\u85e4\u91cd\u5149\uff1a\u300a\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u6b62\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6709\u6590\u96011992\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c136\u9875\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u90b1\u5174\u9686\uff1a\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5211\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c55\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[22]\u53c2\u89c1\u90b1\u5174\u9686\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5230\u4eba\u6743\u2014\u6b7b\u5211\u5e9f\u6b62\u8bba\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5211\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c55\uff5e56\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[23]\u540c\u6ce8[21]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[24]\u53c2\u89c1\u59dc\u519b\u3001\u5b59\u9547\u5e73\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f26\u7406\u5316\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u6587\u51fa\u7248\u793e1999\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c180\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[25]\u53c2\u89c1\u80e1\u5174\u4e1c\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u6b7b\u5211\u5236\u5ea6\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2008\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c44\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[26]\u53c2\u89c1\u4f55\u67cf\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u4f5b\u6559\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5546\u7814\u7a76\u300b1999\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff08\u603b\u7b2c72\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c126\uff5e127\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[27]\u540c\u6ce8[26]\uff0c\u7b2c126\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u540c\u6ce8[26]\uff0c\u7b2c126\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[29]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u6c88\u5bb6\u672c\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u4ee3\u5211\u6cd5\u8003\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c401985\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c947\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[30]\u540c\u6ce8[29]\uff0c\u7b2c52\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[31]\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u901a\u76d1\u300b\u4e4b\u8f7d\u5c5e\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5426\uff0c\u6c88\u5bb6\u672c\u66fe\u4e88\u5b58\u7591\uff1a\u201c\u300a\u65b0\u5fd7\u300b\u8c13\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u5728\u5143\u548c\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u300a\u901a\u76d1\u300b\u6709\u5929\u5b9d\u516d\u8f7d\u9664\u65a9\u3001\u7ede\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u65b0\u3001\u65e7\u5fd7\u7686\u4e0d\u8f7d\uff0c\u672a\u77e5\u672c\u4e8e\u4f55\u5904\uff1f\u201d\uff0c\u540c\u6ce8[29]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[32]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u6ce8[29]\uff0c\u7b2c948\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[33]\u540c\u6ce8[29]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[34]\u540c\u6ce8[22]\uff0c\u7b2c58\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[35]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u6ce8[29]\uff0c\u7b2c52\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[36]\u53c2\u89c1[\u65e5]\u68ee\u5ddd\u54f2\u90ce\uff1a\u300a\u65e5\u672c\u6b7b\u5211\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u6587\u82b8\u793e\u662d\u548c53\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c34\uff5e35\u9875\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u90b1\u5174\u9686\uff1a\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5211\u6cd5\u300b\uff08\u7b2c1\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u68c0\u5bdf\u51fa\u7248\u793e2001\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c59\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[37]\u540c\u6ce8[22]\uff0c\u7b2c59\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[38]\u53c2\u89c1[\u82f1]Lord William Reeas-Mogg,Quran Can Save Us A11,2008\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eahttp:\/\/www.norislam.com\/?viewnews-1547,2013\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002William Reeas-Mogg\u5728\u8be5\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56e0\u5404\u4eba\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u300a\u53e4\u5170\u7ecf\u300b\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u6b63\u50cf\u4e00\u51fa\u838e\u58eb\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u300a\u54c8\u59c6\u96f7\u7279\u300b\u6f14\u51fa\u540e\uff0c\u89c2\u4f17\u4f1a\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5b58\u5fc3\u4f5c\u6076\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u8fd9\u90e8\u4f1f\u5927\u7ecf\u5178\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u65ad\u7ae0\u53d6\u4e49\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u98df\u7cae\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u90e8\u7ecf\u5178\uff0c\u90fd\u96be\u514d\u88ab\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u300a\u5723\u7ecf\u300b\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[39]\u53c2\u89c1\u9b4f\u5fb7\u4e1c\uff1a\u300a\u5b97\u6559\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u65cf\u5b97\u6559\u7f51\uff0chttp:\/\/w-ww.mzb.com.en\/html\/Home\/report\/19449-1.htm,2013\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[40]\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u4e3b\u8981\u5e94\u4ee5\u65b0\u7ea6\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\uff0c\u5bf9\u65e7\u7ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u8981\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\uff0c\u50cf\u201c\u6469\u897f\u5341\u8beb\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u201c\u9053\u5fb7\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5e94\u5f53\u6c38\u8fdc\u9075\u5faa\uff0c\u4f46\u50cf\u6b7b\u5211\u8fd9\u7c7b\u201c\u6c11\u4e8b\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u5219\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u5df2\u8fc7\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u89c6\u4e3a\u5931\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[41]\u540c\u6ce8[7]\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[42]See James D.Unnever, John P. Bartkowski, Francis T. Cullen, God Imagery and Opposition to Abortion and Capital punish meat: A Partial Test of Religious Support for the Consistent Life Ethic\uff0cIn: Sociology of Religion, Oxford University Press, 2010, p310.<\/p>\n<p>[43]\u4f46\u652f\u6301\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bf4\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u7981\u6b62\u4e2a\u4eba\u53bb\u8086\u610f\u6740\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7981\u6b62\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bbe\u7acb\u6b7b\u5211\u53bb\u5408\u6cd5\u5730\u6740\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[44]\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u4f40\u5316\u5f3a\uff1a\u300a\u5f02\u7aef\u5ba1\u5224\u4e2d\u7684\u5211\u8baf\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b2010\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u7b2c143\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[45]\u540c\u6ce8[44]\uff0c\u7b2c145\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[46]\u540c\u6ce8[44]\uff0c\u7b2c145\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[47]\u5f53\u7136\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u5c0f\u5e03\u4ec0\u201c\u6b7b\u5211\u5dde\u957f\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5bf9\u4ed6\u5165\u4e3b\u767d\u5bab\u5230\u5e95\u8d77\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u8d77\u4e86\u591a\u5927\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u80fd\u5426\u8d62\u5f97\u9009\u4e3e\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u6b7b\u5211\u7acb\u573a\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b1981\u5e74\u5bc6\u7279\u6717\u7ade\u9009\u6cd5\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u65f6\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff1a\u5f53\u65f663\uff05\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u8d5e\u6210\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4f46\u5bc6\u7279\u6717\u57fa\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4fe1\u4ef0\u516c\u5f00\u8868\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u53cd\u5bf9\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5f71\u54cd\u603b\u7edf\u5f53\u9009\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u6709\u591a\u79cd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u7ec8\u5bc6\u7279\u6717\u4ecd\u7136\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u6253\u901a\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5927\u95e8\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u3010\u6cd5\u3011\u7f57\u8d1d\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u800c\u6218\u300b\uff0c\u7f57\u7ed3\u73cd\u3001\u8d75\u6d77\u5cf0\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c170\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[48]Michael L. Radelet, The Role of Organized Religions in Changing Death Penalty Debates, 9 Wm.\uff06Mary Bill Rts. J. 201\uff082000\uff09, p207.<\/p>\n<p>[49]See Religion and the Death Penalty,Edited by Erik C. Owens,etc,William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company,2004,P9<\/p>\n<p>[50]See Robert M. Bohm, American Death Penalty Attitudes: A Critical Examination of Recent Evidence, Criminal justice and Be-havior, Sep 1, 1987.p384.<\/p>\n<p>[51]Robert F. Drinan, Religious Organizations and the Death Penalty, 9 Wm.\uff06Mary Bill Rts. J. 171 \uff082000\uff09, p174.<\/p>\n<p>[52]\u53e6\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u732e\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efd\u4e3b\u6559\u58f0\u660e\u7684\u53d1\u5e03\u65f6\u95ee\u662f1972\u5e74\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u53f6\u77e5\u79cb\uff1a\u300a\u4f60\u89c1\u8fc7\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\u989c\u8272\u5417\uff1f\u2014\u4e0e\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\u5148\u751f\u8c08\u6b7b\u5211\u4e0e\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u5e9f\u9664\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5357\u65b9\u4eba\u7269\u5468\u520a\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c31\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c45\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[53]\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u638c\u63e1\u7740\u7279\u8d66\u6743\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[54]\u53c2\u89c1[\u6cd5]\u7f57\u8d1d\u5c14\u00b7\u5df4\u4e39\u6234\u5c14\uff1a\u300a\u4e3a\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\u800c\u6218\u300b\uff0c\u7f57\u7ed3\u73cd\u3001\u8d75\u6d77\u5cf0\u8bd1\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c103\uff5e105\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[55]See http:\/\/org.law.rutgers.edu\/publications\/law-religion\/articles\/RJLR_4_1_1.pdf\uff0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e5f\u66fe\u8d77\u5230\u8fc7\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u201c\u66fe\u7ecf\u6709\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5e7f\u573a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u62cd\u5356\u4f1a\u4e0a\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8d85\u8fc7\u767e\u5206\u4e4b\u4e03\u5341\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u4f17\u8ba4\u540c\u5974\u96b6\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53d7\u5230\u6559\u5802\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u4f1a\u5802\u548c\u6709\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u516c\u4f17\u610f\u8bc6\u9010\u6e10\u89c9\u9192\uff0c\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5e9f\u5974\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u3002Seehttp:\/\/org.law.rutgers.edu\/publications\/law-rel igion\/articles\/RJLR_4_1_1 .pdf.<\/p>\n<p>[56]\u53c2\u89c1[\u82f1]Lord William Reeas-Mogg,Quran Can Save Us A11,2008\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81eahttp:\/\/www.norislarn.com\/?viewnews1547 , 2013\u5e748\u670830\u65e5\u8bbf\u95ee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[57]See http:\/\/org.law.rutgers.edu\/publications\/law-religion\/articles\/RJLR_4_ 1_1 .pdf.<\/p>\n<p>[58]\u53c2\u89c1\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u65b0\u95fb\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u51b5\u300b,1997\u5e7410\u670816\u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3000\u3000 200\u591a\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u8457\u540d\u5211\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\u8d1d\u5361\u5229\u4e9a\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u72af\u7f6a\u4e0e\u5211\u7f5a\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5e9f\u9664\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u6b27 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5629"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5629"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5629\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5629"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5629"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.iobject.cn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5629"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}