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\u5728\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u6b63\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e60\u60ef\u7528\u8bed\u662f\u201c\u51a4\u5047\u9519\u6848\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f20\u7edf\u8868\u8fbe\u662f\u5bf9\u5047\u6848\u548c\u51a4\u9519\u4e24\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u6df7\u642d\u3002\u4ee5\u6848\u4ef6\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u4e3a\u754c\uff0c\u4e24\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u5b9e\u9645\u5206\u5904\u4e24\u4fa7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5047\u6848\uff0c\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5e76\u65e0\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u6cd5\u76ca\u53d7\u635f\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u30021971\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fdRoe v. Wade\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u9ea6\u514b\u7ef4\uff08Norma Mccorve\uff09\u81ea\u79f0\u88ab\u5f3a\u5978\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5815\u80ce\u3002\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u627f\u8ba4\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u5728\u4e24\u540d\u5fb7\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u534f\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u6311\u6218\u5fb7\u5dde\u5815\u80ce\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u88ab\u5f3a\u5978\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u7f16\u9020\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f3a\u5978\u4e8b\u5b9e\u53d1\u751f\u30021768\u5e74\u4e7e\u9686\u4e0b\u4ee4\u8ffd\u67e5\u201c\u5272\u8fab\u53eb\u9b42\u201d\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u7531\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u5408\u529b\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u53d1\u8fab\u4e3a\u6e05\u671d\u8eab\u4f53\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u654f\u611f\u4e2d\u67a2\uff0c\u5c0f\u6848\u4ef6\u6fc0\u53d1\u4e86\u5f18\u5386\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u795e\u7ecf\u3002\u4e0a\u538b\u3001\u4e0b\u9876\uff0c\u7ec8\u6210\u5927\u6848\u3002\u4f46\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u73b0\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5e76\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u786e\u5df2\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u72af\u7f6a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u7f6a\u8d23\u8ba4\u5b9a\u3001\u91cf\u5211\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u504f\u9519\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u88ab\u7ea0\u6b63\u5e76\u5f15\u53d1\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u6216\u6295\u6bd2\u6740\u4eba\u7b49\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6cd5\u533b\u9274\u5b9a\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u81ea\u6740\u3001\u610f\u5916\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u8d77\u4ee5\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u4e3a\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u201c\u547d\u6848\u201d\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u786e\u6709\u72af\u7f6a\u884c\u4e3a\u53d1\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u66fe\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fc7\u51a4\u6848\u548c\u9519\u6848\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u51a4\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u51a4\u6789\u4e86\u65e0\u8f9c\u7684\u597d\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u6709\u7f3a\u70b9\u3001\u6709\u9519\u8bef\u4f46\u7684\u786e\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u201d\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u9519\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6839\u636e\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u902e\u6355\u800c\u6355\u4e86\u548c\u5224\u4e86\u5211\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u672c\u4eba\u6709\u7f6a\u6076\u3001\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u5766\u767d\u4ea4\u4ee3\u6216\u5df2\u7ecf\u505a\u8fc7\u5904\u7406\u3001\u4ee5\u540e\u6ca1\u6709\u91cd\u65b0\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u5386\u53f2\u7f6a\u6076\u5e76\u65e0\u73b0\u884c\u7834\u574f\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8d77\u4e49\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u902e\u6355\u5224\u4e86\u7f6a\u5c31\u7b97\u9519\u6848\u3002\u201d\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u76f4\u63a5\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u201c\u9519\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u72af\u4eba\u867d\u7136\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u4f46\u5904\u5211\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u504f\u5dee\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 2014\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u542f\u52a8\u518d\u5ba1\u6539\u5224\u76848000\u591a\u4ef6\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c1a\u672a\u6709\u5047\u6848\u88ab\u62a5\u9053\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5b66\u662f\u5bf9\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u672a\u66fe\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u7684\u865a\u62df\u4e8b\u6001\u505a\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u4e3a\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u672a\u6765\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u60f3\u50cf\u5f0f\u63a8\u6f14\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u30021978\u81f31982\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u548c\u5404\u7ea7\u515a\u59d4\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u5927\u6279\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u7684\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u53d7\u6b64\u9f13\u821e\uff0c1982\u5e74\u300a\u653f\u5de5\u901a\u8baf\u300b38\u671f\u4e0a\u520a\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u516c\u68c0\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u90fd\u8981\u7ecf\u5e38\u6ce8\u610f\u53d1\u73b0\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u201c\u4e00\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5c31\u4e3b\u52a8\u529e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0d\u7ba1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8981\u7b49\u4e0a\u9762\u53d1\u8bdd\u624d\u529e\u3002\u5bf9\u8be5\u6cd5\u529e\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e5f\u80fd\u8fd9\u6837\u4e3b\u52a8\u529e\u3002\u8981\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u6597\u4e89\uff08\u4e2d\uff09\u953b\u70bc\u653f\u6cd5\u5e72\u90e8\u90a3\u79cd\u521a\u6b63\u4e0d\u963f\u7684\u4f5c\u98ce\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd1\u5e74\u7ea0\u6b63\u51a4\u5047\u9519\u6848\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5171\u8206\u8bba\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u591a\u6709\u547c\u5401\u4ee51978\u81f31982\u5e74\u7ea0\u6b63\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u529b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6765\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7ea0\u6b63\u5211\u4e8b\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 1978\u81f31982\u5e74\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u51a4\u9519\u6848\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6839\u636e\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u548c\u5efa\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u5f53\u65f6\u653f\u7b56\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u6027\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u30022014\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u5211\u6cd5\u300b\u6240\u5224\u51b3\u7684\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e24\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u5dee\u5f02\u5de8\u5927\u3002\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u6b63\u65f6\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u8005\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u591a\u6570\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u6027\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u8bc1\u636e\u3001\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u57fa\u672c\u65e0\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5206\u6b67\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u30021979\u5e74\uff0c\u5e73\u53cd\u80e1\u98ce\u96c6\u56e2\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8d3exx\uff0c\u590d\u67e5\u540e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d3e\u786e\u66fe\u4e8e1944\u5e74\u6295\u9760\u6c6a\u7cbe\u536b\u653f\u5e9c\u6dee\u6d77\u7701\u7701\u957f\u90dd\u9e4f\u4e3e\uff0c\u4efb\u6dee\u6d77\u7701\u53c2\u8bae\uff0c\u66fe\u5411\u90dd\u732e\u201c\u5174\u6dee\u5341\u7b56\u201d\u4e07\u8a00\u4e66\u3002\u590d\u67e5\u4eba\u5bf9\u539f\u5ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u518d\u6b21\u786e\u8ba4\u3002\u4f46\u4f9d\u636e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u7b56\u5bf9\u5b9a\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u6b63\u3002\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u518d\u5ba1\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5426\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u542f\u52a8\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u5f3a\u5978\u3001\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u6295\u6bd2\u7b49\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u786e\u5df2\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u53ca\u5df2\u6b7b\u4ea1\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u8fd1\u4eb2\u5c5e\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u6b63\uff0c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u96be\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u53ca\u8fd1\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5728\u7533\u8bc9\u3001\u4e0a\u8bbf\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u786e\u5b9e\u5c5e\u4e8e\u88ab\u5bb3\u6b7b\u4ea1\uff0c\u5982\u6539\u5224\uff0c\u5373\u5bfc\u81f4\u6848\u4ef6\u65e0\u4eba\u8d1f\u8d23\uff0c\u53c8\u6613\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0a\u8bbf\u3001\u4fe1\u8bbf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u6b63\u6d89\u53ca\u5229\u76ca\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u590d\u5ba1\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u65b0\u542f\u52a8\u5404\u79cd\u67e5\u660e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u624b\u6bb5\u4e2d\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u4fa6\u67e5\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e3b\u8981\u7531\u516c\u68c0\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u518d\u8ba4\u5b9a\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u6027\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u8c03\u6574\u548c\u843d\u5b9e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u591a\u6570\u7531\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90e8\u3001\u7eaa\u59d4\u4f9d\u636e\u653f\u7b56\u5904\u7406\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u91cd\u65b0\u6539\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u56db\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56e0\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u518d\u5ba1\u6539\u5224\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e86\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u8bc1\u636e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u653f\u7b56\u9002\u7528\u30021978\u81f31982\u5e74\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5e73\u53cd\u65f6\uff0c\u603b\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u662f\u201c\u641e\u9769\u547d\u3001\u641e\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u56db\u4e2a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u4eba\u591a\u4e00\u70b9\u597d\u201d\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u5219\u662f\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u8d28\u4ecb\u4e4e\u4e24\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\uff0c\u6309\u2018\u53ef\u5bbd\u53ef\u4e25\uff0c\u5b81\u53ef\u4ece\u5bbd\u2019\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5904\u7406\u201d\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u201c\u8981\u5927\u5904\u7740\u773c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7c97\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u7ec6\u8282\u90fd\u5f04\u6e05\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u5176\u516d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u7559\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u662f\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u4eba\u201d\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u884c\u4e3a\u201d\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f80\u5f80\u91c7\u7528\u975e\u6b64\u5373\u5f7c\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u53cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5047\u8bbe\u65b9\u5f0f\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5178\u578b\u5982\u6f58\u6c49\u5e74\u6848\u3002\u4e2d\u592e\u7eaa\u59d4\u590d\u67e5\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6f58\u6c49\u5e74\u201c\u5185\u5978\u201d\u4e0d\u80fd\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u6839\u636e\u662f1955\u5e74\u603b\u7406\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u526f\u4e3b\u4efb\u7f57\u9752\u957f\u7b49\u4e09\u4eba\u5c0f\u7ec4\u68c0\u67e5\u4e86\u6240\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u7535\u62a5\u548c\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa7\u5927\u7591\u70b9\u548c5\u5927\u53cd\u8bc1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\uff1a1945\u5e74\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u90e8\u7f72\u7531\u65b0\u56db\u519b\u63a5\u5e94\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u6b66\u88c5\u66b4\u52a8\uff0c\u540e\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8003\u8651\u51b3\u5b9a\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u6f58\u6c49\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e8b\u5b8c\u5168\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u6f58\u662f\u5185\u5978\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5730\u4e0b\u515a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u3002\u4e2d\u7eaa\u59d4\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e66\u8bb0\u9648\u4e91\u4ea6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6f58\u6295\u654c\u53db\u53d8\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u5218\u6653\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u5730\u4e0b\u515a\u80fd\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u4fdd\u6301\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u89e3\u653e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\u6784\u6210\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8981\u590d\u6742\u7684\u591a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/upload\/images\/20230130\/20230130114036_64868.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\uff083\uff09\u7ffb\u4f9b\u3002\u5211\u4e8b\u8bc1\u660e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u770b\u4f9b\u8ff0\u6216\u7ffb\u4f9b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8ba1\u7b97\u4f9b\u8ff0\u6216\u7ffb\u4f9b\u6b21\u6570\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4fa6\u67e5\u9636\u6bb5\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u53ea\u662f\u53e3\u53e3\u58f0\u58f0\u81ea\u79f0\u6709\u7f6a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f5c\u6848\u7ec6\u8282\u548c\u7ecf\u8fc7\uff0c\u5374\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u4f9b\u6ca1\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u5b64\u8bc1\u3001\u5c11\u8bc1\u7684\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fa6\u67e5\u8baf\u95ee\u53e3\u4f9b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u7531\u4f9b\u5230\u8bc1\u201d\uff1a\u8981\u6c42\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u8bb2\u8ff0\u5b64\u77e5\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u4f9b\u8ff0\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\uff0c\u627e\u5bfb\u5c38\u4f53\u3001\u75d5\u8ff9\u3001\u51f6\u5668\u3001\u8840\u8863\u7b49\u5904\u4e8e\u9690\u853d\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u8c03\u67e5\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u60c5\u4eba\u3001\u8bc1\u4eba\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u8bc1\u660e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5ba1\u5224\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u53e3\u4f9b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5728\u4e8e\u4e92\u8bc1\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u53e3\u4f9b\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0e\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u3001\u4f53\u4f4d\u3001\u4f53\u6001\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u4f24\u60c5\u90e8\u4f4d\u3001\u6848\u53d1\u73b0\u573a\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u6094\u7f6a\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u8861\u91cf\u4eba\u8eab\u5371\u9669\u6027\uff0c\u53c2\u8003\u91cf\u5211\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ffb\u4f9b\uff0c\u8981\u770b\u524d\u4f9b\u4e0e\u540e\u4f9b\uff0c\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u4e0e\u7269\u8bc1\u3001\u75d5\u8ff9\u3001\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u3001\u6cd5\u533b\u9274\u5b9a\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u8bc1\u636e\u4e92\u76f8\u878d\u8d2f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u540e\u4f9b\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e3a\u771f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff084\uff09\u4f9b\u8bc1\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u53e3\u4f9b\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u6848\u53d1\u540e\u5728\u5ba1\u8baf\u5ba4\u91cc\uff0c\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u88ab\u7ea6\u675f\u3001\u9762\u5bf9\u4fa6\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u524d\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u56de\u5fc6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u90fd\u6709\u8d8b\u5229\u907f\u5bb3\u7684\u672c\u80fd\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4f9b\u8ff0\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6545\u610f\u5728\u7ec6\u8282\u5904\u865a\u5047\u4f9b\u8ff0\uff0c\u6216\u56e0\u7d27\u5f20\u3001\u60ca\u6050\u800c\u51fa\u9519\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u53e3\u4f9b\u4e0e\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u3001\u7269\u8bc1\u7b49\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc1\u636e\u51fa\u73b0\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u4eba\u5458\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4f9b\u8bc1\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u91c7\u4fe1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ec6\u8282\u5b8c\u5168\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4e0d\u662f\u7167\u76f8\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5bf9\u5e94\uff0c\u6709\u6307\u4f9b\u3001\u8bf1\u4f9b\u5acc\u7591\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u91c7\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fa6\u67e5\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u5bf9\u53e3\u4f9b\u6301\u6709\u7684\u591a\u5143\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u65e9\u57281979\u5e74\u5211\u8bc9\u6cd535\u6761\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u201c\u91cd\u8bc1\u636e\u3001\u91cd\u8c03\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u8f7b\u4fe1\u53e3\u4f9b\u201d\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\u5c31\u6709\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u8be5\u539f\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65e0\u5dee\u522b\u5e94\u7528\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u800c\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9\u53e3\u4f9b\u4e2d\u81ea\u8ba4\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5728\u5377\u7684\u7269\u8bc1\u3001\u4e66\u8bc1\u3001\u9274\u5b9a\u610f\u89c1\u3001\u8bc1\u8a00\u3001\u53e3\u4f9b\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u8bc1\u636e\u7ed3\u6210\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u5426\u878d\u8d2f\u8fdb\u884c\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u8f7b\u4fe1\u53e3\u4f9b\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53e3\u4f9b\u4e2d\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5219\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u4e88\u91c7\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e0d\u540c\u529e\u6848\u4eba\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u539f\u5219\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6ce8\u5165\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u6761\u6587\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u8f6f\u5f31\u3002\u6240\u63d0\u793a\u51fa\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7b49\u5185\u5fc3\u4f53\u9a8c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5171\u540c\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u89c4\u8303\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u7ea6\u675f\u88c1\u91cf\u8005\u7684\u6548\u679c\u30021950\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fdBrown v. Kendall\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u80cc\u5bf9\u539f\u544a\u540e\u9000\uff0c\u5c06\u68cd\u5b50\u4e3e\u8fc7\u5934\u9876\u6253\u72d7\u65f6\uff0c\u610f\u5916\u6253\u5230\u539f\u544a\u7684\u773c\u775b\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u8096\uff08Lemuel Shaw\uff09\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u901a\u5e38\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u4eba\u6240\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u201d\u300a\u4fb5\u6743\u6cd5\u91cd\u8ff0\u00b7\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u300b\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u8096\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u907f\u514d\u5b58\u5728\u8fc7\u5931\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u662f\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4eba\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u5c3d\u5230\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3001\u201c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8c28\u614e\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4ee5\u63e1\u6709\u7ec8\u5c40\u88c1\u91cf\u6743\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4e3a\u5c3a\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e2a\u4eba\u5224\u65ad\u6295\u5c04\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e3a\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5728Jacobellis v. Ohio\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u65af\u56fe\u5c14\u7279\uff08Potter Stewart\uff09\u5bf9\u8be5\u6848\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u201c\u6deb\u79fd\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u770b\u4e86\uff0c\u624d\u77e5\u9053\u3002\u201d\u5176\u56de\u7b54\u8574\u610f\u5341\u5206\u6e05\u6670\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u5148\u7684\u4e66\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u4ee5\u9650\u5b9a\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u5e76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u6807\u51c6\u53ea\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u4fa6\u67e5\u548c\u5ba1\u5224\u4e0d\u540c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4f53\u9a8c\u53d1\u751f\u78b0\u649e\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ade\u4e89\u65f6\uff0c\u8d77\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u662f\u8c01\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4eab\u6709\u652f\u914d\u6743\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u9996\u5e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f11\u65af\uff08Charles Evans Hughes\uff09\u5bf9\u6b64\u76f4\u767d\u7684\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f46\u5baa\u6cd5\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u8bf4\u4e86\u7b97\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<strong>\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u518d\u5ba1\uff1a\u4eb2\u5386\u8005\u4e0e\u7eb8\u9762\u9605\u8bfb\u8005\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8ba4\u77e5\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u201c\u540e\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u201d\uff08hindsight\uff09\u3002\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u2460\u968f\u7740\u4e0e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u95f4\u9694\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u62c9\u957f\uff0c\u4fdd\u5bc6\u6587\u732e\u9010\u6e10\u89e3\u5bc6\uff1b\u2461\u4eb2\u5386\u8005\u9010\u6e10\u6446\u8131\u3001\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4ee5\u56de\u5fc6\u5f55\u3001\u53e3\u8ff0\u53f2\u3001\u65e5\u8bb0\u51fa\u7248\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u58f0\uff0c\u63ed\u79d8\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u6ca1\u6709\u6863\u6848\u6b63\u53f2\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u9690\u853d\u4fe1\u606f\uff1b\u2462\u5728\u65f6\u4ee3\u98ce\u4e91\u53d8\u6362\u540e\uff0c\u5b64\u7acb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u6bb5\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u7ed3\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u7684\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5bf9\u4e8e\u56e0\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u6240\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e0e\u91cd\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5f62\u6001\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4ee5\u201c\u540e\u89c1\u4e4b\u660e\u201d\u201c\u5f53\u5c40\u8005\u8ff7\u201d\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u9519\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u98a0\u5012\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u5f3a\u5978\u5987\u5973\u7b49\u666e\u901a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4ece\u539f\u5ba1\u5230\u518d\u5ba1\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u590d\u5ba1\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u8870\u51cf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff081\uff09\u7ec8\u5ba1\u540e\uff0c\u6848\u4ef6\u5c01\u5377\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u6709\u65b0\u8bc1\u636e\u6ce8\u5165\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u62c9\u957f\u81f3\u5341\u5e74\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u590d\u5ba1\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u4eba\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u6a21\u7cca\uff0c\u73b0\u573a\u4ee5\u53ca\u73b0\u573a\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u573a\u666f\u90fd\u65e9\u5df2\u88ab\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u6216\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u590d\u5ba1\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4ee5\u539f\u5ba1\u6848\u5377\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u539f\u5ba1\u5b9a\u6848\u8bc1\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u8bc4\u5224\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u518d\u6709\u65b0\u8bc1\u636e\u6ce8\u5165\u8865\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff082\uff09\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u7684\u4fa6\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u516c\u8bc9\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u8fa9\u62a4\u4eba\u3001\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4ee3\u7406\u4eba\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u8bc9\u8bbc\u53c2\u4e0e\u4eba\uff0c\u6709\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u63a5\u89e6\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e0e\u6d3b\u751f\u751f\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u3001\u8bc1\u4eba\u3001\u4eb2\u5386\u4e86\u73b0\u573a\u7684\u9274\u5b9a\u4eba\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8a00\u8bed\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u3001\u8a00\u8f9e\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u5168\u4fe1\u606f\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u7684\u795e\u60c5\u3001\u8a00\u8bed\u65f6\u53cd\u5e94\u5185\u5fc3\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u4e0b\u610f\u8bc6\u8eab\u4f53\u52a8\u4f5c\u7b49\uff0c\u6709\u76f4\u89c2\u611f\u53d7\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u5df2\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u8bc1\u4eba\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8a00\u8bed\u4ea4\u6d41\u3002\u56e0\u6280\u672f\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u521d\u5ba1\u65f6\u8bb8\u591a\u6848\u4ef6\u8fde\u5f55\u50cf\u90fd\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f9d\u8d56\u9605\u8bfb\u6587\u5b57\u7ed3\u6210\u7684\u6848\u5377\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63a8\u6572\u624b\u5199\u7b14\u5f55\u4e2d\u5b57\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u7b14\u5f55\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9759\u6001\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u662f\u8baf\u95ee\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5168\u4fe1\u606f\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u7684\u8868\u60c5\u3001\u52a8\u4f5c\u7b49\uff0c\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u70b9\u5bf9\u70b9\u51c6\u786e\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5230\u73b0\u573a\u67e5\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u8bbe\u7ffb\u5929\u8986\u5730\uff0c\u4e0e\u6848\u4ef6\u521d\u59cb\u9636\u6bb5\u4fa6\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5177\u6709\u540c\u4e00\u4fe1\u606f\u6c34\u5e73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u539f\u5ba1\u548c\u590d\u5ba1\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5957\u6848\u5377\uff0c\u539f\u5ba1\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5360\u6709\u91cf\u662f\u5927\u4e8e\u6848\u5377\uff0c\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5360\u6709\u91cf\u662f\u5c0f\u4e8e\u7b49\u4e8e\u539f\u5ba1\u6848\u5377\u3002\u5728\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u518d\u5ba1\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u6bd4\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5dee\u5f02\u663e\u8457\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u540e\u7684\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u8f83\u4e4b\u539f\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4fe1\u606f\u83b7\u5f97\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u52a3\u52bf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\uff082\uff09\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u51a4\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u8ffd\u8bc9\uff0c\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u4f9b\uff0c\u6216\u5728\u4fa6\u67e5\u9636\u6bb5\u6709\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e24\u6b21\u4f9b\u8ff0\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u59cb\u7ffb\u4f9b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u516c\u5b89\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4ece\u5ba1\u67e5\u8d77\u8bc9\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u4e00\u5ba1\u3001\u4e0a\u8bc9\u3001\u4e8c\u5ba1\u3001\u590d\u6838\uff0c\u4e00\u7ffb\u5230\u5e95\u30021983\u5e74\uff0c\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u5de9\u53bf\u53d1\u751f\u4e00\u8d77\u62e6\u8def\u62a2\u52ab\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u662f\u9b4f\u6e05\u5b89\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u5ba3\u5224\u65f6\uff0c\u9b4f\u62d2\u7edd\u7b7e\u5b57\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6cd5\u9662\u62ff\u51fa\u4ed6\u4f5c\u6848\u65f6\u7684\u8863\u670d\u548c\u978b\u5b50\u7b49\u8bc1\u636e\uff1b\u6b7b\u5211\u6267\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u9b4f\u9ad8\u558a\u51a4\u6789\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u7236\u6bcd\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4f38\u51a4\uff1b\u5bb6\u5c5e\u4ece\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u53d6\u56de\u4ed6\u76d6\u7684\u88ab\u5b50\u548c\u6362\u6d17\u7684\u8863\u670d\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u4ed6\u5199\u7684\u9057\u4e66\uff0c\u8981\u7236\u6bcd\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4f38\u51a4\u3002\u7ecf\u6cb3\u5357\u7701\u68c0\u5bdf\u9662\u590d\u67e5\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u662f\u51a4\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4e00\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\u590d\u5ba1\u65f6\uff0c\u539f\u5ba1\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u5982\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u65e0\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4fa6\u67e5\u9636\u6bb5\u4e0d\u7ffb\u4f9b\uff0c\u5728\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u516c\u5b89\u540e\u7684\u5ba1\u67e5\u8d77\u8bc9\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u3001\u6b7b\u5211\u590d\u6838\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7ffb\u4f9b\uff0c\u4e0a\u8bc9\u4e66\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u4ee5\u521d\u72af\u3001\u5e74\u5e7c\u4e3a\u7531\u8981\u6c42\u4ece\u8f7b\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\u53cd\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u6392\u9664\u516c\u5b89\u5211\u8baf\u903c\u4f9b\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4f9d\u7167\u6ca7\u6851\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u8bc9\u8bbc\u89c2\u5ff5\u53d8\u9769\u540e\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u89c4\u5219\u2014\u20142017\u5e74\u4e24\u9ad8\u4e09\u90e8\u8054\u5408\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u975e\u6cd5\u8bc1\u636e\u6392\u9664\u89c4\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4fa6\u67e5\u9636\u6bb5\u6709\u5211\u8baf\uff0c\u8be5\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e0e\u53d7\u5211\u8baf\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e00\u5e76\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u4e2a\u60c5\u5f62\u9664\u5916\uff1a\u2460\u5982\u679c\u4fa6\u67e5\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u66f4\u6362\u4e86\u4fa6\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u5e76\u544a\u77e5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8ba4\u7f6a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\u4f9b\u8ff0\u7684\uff1b\u2461\u5ba1\u67e5\u902e\u6355\u3001\u8d77\u8bc9\u548c\u5ba1\u5224\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u68c0\u5bdf\u4eba\u5458\u3001\u5ba1\u5224\u4eba\u5458\u8baf\u95ee\u65f6\u544a\u77e5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6743\u5229\u548c\u8ba4\u7f6a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u3001\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u81ea\u613f\u4f9b\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u548c\u53d7\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u53e3\u4f9b\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5168\u6848\u53e3\u4f9b\u6392\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u590d\u5ba1\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u7ea0\u9519\u7684\u6267\u5ff5\u3002\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u518d\u5ba1\uff0c\u5bf9\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8ba4\u77e5\u5dee\u5f02\u603b\u662f\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u4ee5\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u6267\u5ff5\u201d\u6765\u590d\u5ba1\u6848\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u5dee\u5f02\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u88ab\u653e\u5927\u3002\u5e73\u65f6\u89c9\u5f97\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd0\u52a8\u5230\u6765\u65f6\uff0c\u62b1\u7740\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e00\u6279\u9519\u6848\u7684\u6267\u5ff5\uff0c\u53bb\u5ba1\u67e5\u518d\u5ba1\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5230\u5904\u662f\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6267\u5ff5\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u201d\uff0c\u9a6c\u65af\u6d1b\u6709\u4e00\u53e5\u540d\u8a00\u201c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u624b\u4e2d\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u628a\u9524\u5b50\uff0c\u90a3\u5c06\u6ee1\u773c\u90fd\u662f\u9489\u5b50\u201d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u590d\u5ba1\u6848\u4ef6\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u524d\u5b9a\u4e86\u7ea0\u9519\u5fc3\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6267\u5ff5\u6765\u5ba1\u89c6\u6848\u5377\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5c06\u5927\u91cf\u7070\u8272\u7684\u7ec6\u90e8\u653e\u5927\u3001\u9ad8\u4eae\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\uff082\uff09\u5bf9\u7b26\u5408\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\u8fdb\u884c\u5426\u8ba4\u3002\u5982\u5b9e\u7269\u8bc1\u636e\u4fdd\u7ba1\uff0c1979\u5e74\u5211\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9881\u5e03\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5211\u4e8b\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bc1\u7269\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b9c\u4e8e\u957f\u671f\u4fdd\u7ba1\u7684\uff08\u5982\u8840\u8863\u3001\u51f6\u5668\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65b0\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4ecd\u6309\u672c\u9662\uff0864\uff09\u6cd5\u7814\u5b57\u7b2c77\u53f7\u6279\u590d\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u201c\u81f3\u5c11\u4fdd\u5b5815\u5e74\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8fd1\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u6cd5\u9662\u529e\u516c\u6761\u4ef6\u6301\u7eed\u6539\u5584\u3002\u6bcf\u6b21\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\u642c\u8fc1\u6e05\u7406\u76f8\u5173\u7269\u54c1\u65f6\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u4fdd\u7ba1\u671f\u9650\u7684\u7269\u54c1\u4f1a\u88ab\u6e05\u7406\u3002\u5728\u590d\u5ba1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u5ba1\u7ed3\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6848\u4ef6\u56e0\u90e8\u5206\u8bc1\u7269\u706d\u5931\uff0c\u539f\u529e\u6848\u4eba\u4f1a\u88ab\u6000\u7591\u6789\u6cd5\u8ffd\u8bc9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5728\u5404\u79cd\u7ffb\u6848\u6267\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u53e3\u4f9b\u7ec6\u8282\u5c24\u5176\u88ab\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6700\u7a81\u51fa\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u201c\u8f97\u8f6c\u5254\u6289\u201d\u7b14\u5f55\u4e2d\u5b57\u91cc\u884c\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u6df1\u6263\u7ec6\u7b5b\u8baf\u95ee\u7b14\u5f55\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc1\u636e\u7684\u7ec6\u5c0f\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5c06\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4eba\u8ba4\u77e5\u5408\u7406\u8bef\u5dee\u5185\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8bc1\u636e\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u4e00\u8d77\u7533\u8bc9\u6848\uff0c\u539f\u5224\u8ba4\u5b9a\u67d0\u5e744\u6708\u67d0\u65e5\u665a8\u65f6\u8bb8\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u9152\u540e\u5728\u5317\u65b9\u67d0\u7701\u4f1a\u57ce\u5e02\u5de5\u5382\u516c\u5171\u5395\u6240\u5185\uff0c\u5bf9\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u8fdb\u884c\u6d41\u6c13\u6d3b\u52a8\uff081997\u5e74\u5211\u6cd5\u6539\u4e3a\u5f3a\u5236\u7325\u4eb5\uff09\u5e76\u81f4\u5176\u6b7b\u4ea1\u3002\u6539\u5224\u4f9d\u636e\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\uff1a\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u4f9b\u79f0\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u8eab\u9ad81.60\u7c73\u62161.65\u7c73\uff0c\u5c38\u4f53\u68c0\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u8eab\u9ad81.55\u7c73\uff1b\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u4f9b\u79f0\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u53d1\u578b\u662f\u957f\u53d1\u3001\u76f4\u53d1\uff0c\u5c38\u4f53\u68c0\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7cfb\u77ed\u53d1\u3001\u70eb\u53d1\uff1b\u4f9b\u79f0\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u672a\u7a7f\u5916\u5957\uff0c\u5c38\u4f53\u68c0\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u8bc1\u5b9e\u7a7f\u5916\u5957\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u53e3\u4f9b\u4f5c\u51fa\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u8ba4\u77e5\u2014\u8bb0\u5fc6\u2014\u56de\u5fc6\u2014\u53e3\u8ff0\u201d\u7684\u56db\u9636\u6bb5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u4e0d\u8bc8\u4f9b\u3001\u4e0d\u6545\u610f\u865a\u5047\u4f9b\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5766\u767d\u4f9b\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u6848\u53d1\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u3001\u56de\u5fc6\u4ea7\u751f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff081\uff09\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u767d\u5929\u3001\u6b63\u5e38\u4ea4\u5f80\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u6c34\u5e73\u51cf\u9000\u3002\u5728\u5149\u7167\u660f\u9ed1\u7684\u591c\u665a\u3001\u516c\u5395\uff0c\u6b63\u5e38\u4eba\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u51c6\u786e\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7f\u9ad8\u8ddf\u978b\u964c\u751f\u5973\u5b50\u7684\u8eab\u9ad8\u3001\u4f53\u8c8c\u3001\u8863\u7740\u3002\u662f\u8c13\u201c\u767d\u5929\u4e0d\u61c2\u591c\u7684\u9ed1\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u53c2\u7167\u7269\u548c\u8ba4\u77e5\u5e72\u6270\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u957f\u5ea6\u8bc6\u522b\u4f1a\u53d7\u53c2\u7167\u7269\u3001\u5e72\u6270\u6761\u4ef6\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5982\u56fe\u4e8c\u7f2a\u52d2\u2014\u83b1\u5c14\u9519\u89c9\u3001\u827e\u5bbe\u6d69\u65af\u9519\u89c9\u7b49<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6240\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ad9\u7acb\u548c\u659c\u9760\u3001\u5e73\u8eba\u7b49\u4e0d\u540c\u59ff\u52bf\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5916\u4eba\u5bf9\u5176\u8eab\u9ad8\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/upload\/images\/20230130\/20230130114205_62676.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\uff083\uff09\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4ee5\u76f4\u89c9\u548c\u611f\u5b98\u77e5\u89c9\uff0c\u5728\u88ab\u7ed9\u5b9a\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u90e8\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u63a8\u65ad\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4e8b\u540e\u4e13\u5bb6\u624d\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u9009\u5b9a\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u51c6\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4ee5\u6848\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u5bf9\u8eab\u9ad8\u3001\u4f53\u8c8c\u3001\u8863\u4f5c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u53e3\u4f9b\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6cd5\u533b\u5c06\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u5c38\u4f53\u88ab\u653e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u89e3\u5256\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u7cbe\u786e\u4e08\u91cf\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63a8\u7ffb\u5168\u6848\u6839\u636e\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u53e3\u4f9b\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff084\uff09\u7531\u4e8e\u8bed\u8bcd\u6307\u5411\u5dee\u5f02\u6781\u5927\uff0c\u8bed\u8bcd\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u7269\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u9752\u5e74\u4e0e\u5176\u7236\u6bcd\u3001\u4e0a\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u5386\u6765\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f55\u8c13\u957f\u53d1\u3001\u77ed\u53d1\uff0c\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u5c5e\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f55\u8c13\u5916\u5957\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5916\u5ef6\u7edf\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u6625\u5b63\u6c14\u6e29\u5dee\u522b\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u534e\u5317\u5404\u7701\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u5957\u7684\u539a\u5ea6\u3001\u8d28\u5730\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u663e\u7136\u5dee\u522b\u6781\u5927\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5e74\u4e2d\u6c14\u6e29\u5dee\u5f02\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b63\u8282\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u9636\u5c42\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5916\u5957\u662f\u6307\u7fbd\u7ed2\u670d\u3001\u5927\u8863\u3001\u6bdb\u8863\u3001\u5957\u5934\u886b\u8fd8\u662f\u7f8a\u6bdb\u886b\u3001\u5939\u514b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u6240\u79f0\u5916\u5957\uff0c\u4e0e\u8baf\u95ee\u4eba\u5458\u6240\u6307\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5e94\u5145\u5206\u8fa8\u6790\u8a00\u8bed\u6307\u5411\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u5426\u51a4\u9519\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u8bc1\u636e\u6cd5\u5bf9\u65e0\u4ee4\u72b6\u6263\u62bc\u9002\u7528\u65f6\u6240\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u76ee\u4e86\u7136\u201d\uff08plain view\uff09\u53ca\u5176\u6761\u4ef6\u201c\u76f4\u63a5\u660e\u663e\u201d\uff08immediately apparent\uff09\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u72b6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8349\u86c7\u7070\u7ebf\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ea0\u6b63\u673a\u5236\u542f\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u51a4\u9519\u6848\u4ef6\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u51fa\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u88ab\u786e\u5b9a\u4e3a\u51a4\u9519\uff0c\u662f\u7ea0\u6b63\u673a\u5236\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6848\u4ef6\u7ea0\u6b63\uff0c\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u590d\u5ba1\u5e76\u975e\u7406\u8bba\u8bad\u7ec3\u6c34\u5e73\u9ad8\u4f4e\uff0c\u66f4\u975e\u6076\u884c\u8005\u4e0e\u597d\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u8303\u7574\u3002\u539f\u5ba1\u4e0e\u590d\u5ba1\u6709\u5341\u5e74\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5dee\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c6\u57df\u8de8\u5ea6\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u590d\u5ba1\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u539f\u5ba1\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u6709\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u80fd\u66f4\u51b7\u9759\u7684\u770b\u5f85\u539f\u5224\u3001\u6539\u5224\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<strong>\u8ba4\u77e5\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\uff1a\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u51fa\u73b0\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad\u5206\u6b67\u4e0a\uff0c\u539f\u5224\u4e0e\u7ea0\u6b63\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5c55\u793a\u5728\u5982\u4f55\u770b\u5f85\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u7ea0\u6b63\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u547c\u683c\u6848\u3001\u8042\u6811\u658c\u6848\u3002\u5f15\u53d1\u5a92\u4f53\u5168\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u5df2\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u3001\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u4f9b\u8ff0\u5211\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4f18\u5148\u9002\u7528\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u7f6a\u540d\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u5a92\u4f53\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u3001\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u77e5\u6089\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1b\u4e24\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u624d\u4f1a\u826f\u5fc3\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4f5c\u51fa\u8fdd\u53cd\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4eba\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u5211\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u662f\uff0c\u91cd\u7f6a\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u6781\u4e3a\u9690\u853d\u3001\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u4e66\u658b\u5185\u5b66\u9662\u5f0f\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u4f01\u53ca\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u98a0\u8986\u539f\u5224\uff0c\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8ff01983\u5e74\u5de9\u53bf\u62e6\u8def\u62a2\u52ab\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u9b4f\u6e05\u5b891984\u5e745\u6708\u88ab\u67aa\u51b3\u30026\u6708\u6d1b\u9633\u5e02\u516c\u5b89\u5c40\u6293\u83b7\u4e00\u540d\u53eb\u7530\u7389\u4fee\u7684\u76d7\u7a83\u6740\u4eba\u60ef\u72af\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u7530\u6848\u6b7b\u5211\u590d\u6838\u65f6\uff0c\u7530\u4ea4\u4ee31983\u5e74\u5de9\u53bf\u62e6\u8def\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\u4ef6\u662f\u5176\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u7ecf\u590d\u67e5\u786e\u5b9a\u3002\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u5192\u771f\u51f6\u8005\u4ea6\u975e\u5c11\u89c1\u3002\u9102\u5c14\u591a\u65af\u201c1998\u00b79\u00b72\u201d\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e09\u4eba\u88ab\u5165\u5ba4\u6740\u6b7b\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u957f\u671f\u672a\u4fa6\u7834\u30022010\u5e74\u4e1c\u80dc\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u4e00\u540d\u5728\u62bc\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\uff0c\u4f9b\u79f0\u6848\u4ef6\u7531\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u4e3a\u3002\u4f46\u8be5\u4eba\u624b\u4e0a\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4f24\u60c5\uff0c\u73b0\u573a\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u8db3\u8ff9\u4e0e\u8840\u8ff9DNA\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u88ab\u5426\u5b9a\u3002\u516c\u5b89\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ffd\u51f6\uff0c\u52302018\u5e74\uff0c\u6839\u636eDNA\u6bd4\u5bf9\uff0c\u6293\u83b7\u771f\u6b63\u7f6a\u72af\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u7531\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7ecf\u9a8c\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u53cd\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4eba\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4efb\u4f55\u5211\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8868\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4e00\u671b\u800c\u77e5\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u89c1\u5e95\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8c03\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u6280\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u4fa6\u8bc9\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u6784\u5efa\u5982\u6b64\u7e41\u7410\u3001\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5316\u7b80\u4e3a\u7e41\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4eba\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u5047\u8bbe\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e00\u81f4\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4fa6\u67e5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u6253\u6b7b\u4e0d\u5f00\u53e3\uff0c\u795e\u4ed9\u96be\u4e0b\u624b\u201d\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4fa6\u67e5\u673a\u5173\u4e0d\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6709\u4e0d\u53d8\u8bc1\u636e\u6446\u5728\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u53cd\u4fa6\u67e5\u80fd\u529b\u5f3a\u7684\u5acc\u7591\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u7ed5\u5f00\u91cd\u8981\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e00\u4e9b\u8f7b\u5fae\u7f6a\u884c\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u907f\u91cd\u5c31\u8f7b\uff0c\u7ed9\u4fa6\u67e5\u673a\u5173\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u4e0b\u5761\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u9003\u907f\u91cd\u7f6a\u8ffd\u8bc9\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u90e8\u5206\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u81ea\u8ba4\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u8bc1\u5176\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u4f9b\u8ff0\u91cd\u5927\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u53cd\u672c\u80fd\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u679c\u771f\u662f\u826f\u5fc3\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fdd\u53cd\u201c\u7406\u6027\u4eba\u201d\u5047\u8bbe\u5417\uff1f\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e3b\u52a8\u5766\u767d\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u6700\u5927\u7684\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u9000\u4e00\u6b65\u3001\u8fdb\u767e\u6b65\u201d\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u52a8\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u539f\u529e\u6848\u673a\u5173\u9677\u4e8e\u201c\u4e24\u96be\u201d\u5883\u5730\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5982\u679c\u786e\u8ba4\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u610f\u5473\u7740\u539f\u5224\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u5df2\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u989d\u8d54\u507f\uff0c\u4fa6\u6355\u8bc9\u3001\u4e00\u5ba1\u3001\u4e8c\u5ba1\u3001\u6b7b\u5211\u6838\u51c6\u7b49\u5404\u7ea7\u5927\u6279\u529e\u6848\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u88ab\u8ffd\u8d23\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7ef4\u6301\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u6240\u4ea4\u4ee3\u51fa\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5355\u4f4d\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5a92\u4f53\u6563\u64ad\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u8206\u60c5\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4ee4\u529e\u6848\u673a\u5173\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u907f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e24\u96be\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u4fa6\u63a7\u5ba1\u5404\u673a\u5173\u90fd\u8fdb\u9000\u5931\u636e\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u542f\u52a8\u5927\u91cf\u8d44\u6e90\u8fdb\u884c\u7ec6\u81f4\u590d\u5ba1\uff0c\u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u88ab\u6740\u6b7b\u3001\u524d\u72af\u88ab\u5904\u51b3\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u7684\u201c\u6b7b\u65e0\u5bf9\u8bc1\u201d\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u6781\u96be\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002\u5bf9\u5047\u5192\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u5229\u76ca\u652f\u70b9\uff0c\u81ea\u8ba4\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u672c\u4eba\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u2014\u6536\u76ca\u6700\u5927\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff081\uff09\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5047\u5192\u88ab\u63ed\u7a7f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6270\u4e71\u53f8\u6cd5\u79e9\u5e8f\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u6784\u4e0d\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7f6a\u540d\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u52a0\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u88ab\u5148\u524d\u6b7b\u5211\u91cf\u5211\u5438\u6536\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5e76\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u591a\u4f59\u6210\u672c\u4ed8\u51fa\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5f04\u5047\u6210\u771f\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u53c8\u591a\u5224\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b7b\u5211\u7f6a\u540d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u591a\u4e2a\u6b7b\u5211\u7f6a\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u51cc\u8fdf\u7b49\u52a0\u91cd\u6b7b\u5211\u6267\u884c\u65b9\u5f0f\u540e\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5211\u7f5a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ecd\u53ea\u662f\u5408\u5e76\u8ba1\u7b97\u91cf\u5211\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u67aa\u51b3\u3001\u6ce8\u5c04\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u591a\u4f59\u8d22\u4ea7\u53ef\u4f9b\u52a0\u4e00\u4efd\u5f3a\u5236\u9644\u5e26\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u8d54\u507f\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u5224\uff0c\u672c\u4eba\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6076\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff082\uff09\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u672c\u4eba\u6240\u72af\u4e4b\u7f6a\uff0c\u7f6a\u5f53\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4e14\u5df2\u6ca1\u6709\u547d\u8fd0\u8f6c\u673a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u5047\u5192\uff0c\u5219\u80fd\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u7ebf\u751f\u673a\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5047\u5192\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u91cd\u5927\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u7504\u522b\u6781\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ece\u539f\u529e\u6848\u673a\u5173\u5230\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u516c\u68c0\u6cd5\u5404\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u52bf\u5fc5\u91cd\u65b0\u53d6\u8bc1\u3001\u7504\u522b\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u590d\u8baf\u95ee\u3001\u6838\u5b9e\u8bc1\u636e\u7b49\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u5ef6\u957f\u751f\u547d\u3002\u5bf9\u81ea\u4f9b\u6709\u7f6a\u7684\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u539f\u672c\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u5728\u5377\u7684N\u4e2a\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u53ef\u4ee5\u5224\u5904\u5176\u591a\u4e2a\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u91cd\u5927\u7acb\u529f\u548c\u81ea\u9996\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u51cf\u8f7b\u5176\u5904\u7f5a\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5176\u4e3b\u52a8\u5766\u767d\u4ea4\u4ee3\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u201d\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u540e\uff0c\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86N+1&lt;n\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u8981\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u6f2b\u6f2b\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u5229\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u51fa\u76d1\u6307\u8ba4\u73b0\u573a\u3001\u5f00\u5ead\u3001\u63d0\u5ba1\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u4f3a\u673a\u8131\u9003\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u6b7b\u5211\u72af\u5047\u5192\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u8fb9\u9645\u6210\u672c\u4e3a\u96f6\uff0c\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca\u5219\u4e3a\u6b63\u5230\u65e0\u7a77\u5927\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u524d\u8ff0\u5047\u5192\u9102\u5c14\u591a\u65af\u201c1998\u00b79\u00b72\u201d\u6848\u4ef6\u771f\u51f6\u8005\uff0c\u5728\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u7269\u8bc1\u636e\u548c\u7ec6\u8282\u6bd4\u5bf9\u4e0d\u4e0a\u540e\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u662f\u8bc8\u4f9b\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u627e\u673a\u4f1a\u9003\u8dd1\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u56e0\u7cfb\u5217\u5f3a\u5978\u6740\u4eba\u6848\u88ab\u6293\u83b7\u81ea\u4f9b\u662f\u547c\u683c\u6848\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u3002\u5176\u95f4\u53cd\u590d\u7504\u522b\uff0c\u76f4\u52302019\u5e74\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u8be5\u8d77\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5426\u8ba4\u540e\uff0c\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u624d\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u591a\u6d3b14\u5e74\u30022005\u5e74\uff0c\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u56e0\u56db\u8d77\u6545\u610f\u6740\u4eba\u3001\u5f3a\u5978\u6848\u88ab\u6293\u83b7\uff0c\u65e9\u5e94\u88ab\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u590d\u4f9b\u8ff0\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u8042\u6811\u658c\u6848\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u300216\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5426\u8ba4\u5176\u4e3a\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u624d\u88ab\u6267\u884c\u6b7b\u5211\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u540e\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u76d8\u7b97\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u8d85\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u523a\u6fc0\u6027\uff0c\u5f53\u4e2a\u522b\u673a\u5173\u5185\u90e8\u6709\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u6848\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u6697\u6597\u65f6\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8bb2\u8ff0\uff0c\u80fd\u64ac\u52a8\u6848\u4ef6\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9e\u3001\u5145\u5206\u8bc1\u636e\u5c06\u5168\u6848\u98a0\u8986\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u5a92\u5f02\u5e38\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u6709\u610f\u5582\u6599\uff0c\u5927\u4f17\u5a92\u4f53\u6301\u7eed\u53d1\u9175\uff0c\u5e26\u6765\u5de8\u5927\u8d1f\u9762\u8206\u60c5\u3002\u516c\u5b89\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u6d4b\uff0c\u5728\u6848\u4ef6\u590d\u5ba1\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5f85\u9047\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u6539\u5584\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u6848\u4ef6\u5728\u5f15\u53d1\u8206\u8bba\u5173\u6ce8\u540e\uff0c\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u65e2\u8981\u9632\u6b62\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u75c5\u6b7b\u3001\u81ea\u6740\uff0c\u66f4\u8981\u9632\u6b62\u4ed6\u6740\u3001\u201c\u88ab\u81ea\u6740\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u6c61\u540d\u5316\u4e3a\u6740\u4eba\u706d\u53e3\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u81ea\u5df1\u653f\u6cbb\u88ab\u52a8\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u4ec5\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0a\u4f18\u88d5\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u5b9a\u671f\u4f53\u68c0\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u969c\u4f18\u5f85\u548c\u7279\u62a4\u3002\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u987e\u8651\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5047\u5192\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8005\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8d85\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u4e3a\u5047\u5192\u771f\u51f6\u8005\u7406\u6027\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e2d\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u6ce8\u5165\u4e86\u65b0\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u3001\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u4e4b\u524d\u3001\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5404\u5730\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u8bb8\u591a\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6781\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5728\u62bc\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u4f1a\u518d\u81ea\u63fd\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8e\u8eab\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u907f\u514d\u6548\u4eff\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u4e8b\u60c5\u6781\u5c11\u5411\u516c\u5171\u4f20\u5a92\u62ab\u9732\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u60ef\u5e38\u53cd\u95ee\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u5b9e\u9645\u4f5c\u6848\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u77e5\u9053\u6848\u60c5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ea4\u4ee3\u51fa\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u90fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u6089\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7ec6\u8282\uff1f\u903b\u8f91\u63a8\u6d4b\u4e0e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6848\u4ef6\u6392\u67e5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\uff08\u4e8c\uff0920\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u6cd5\u5236\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u80cc\u666f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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\u53cd\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f3a\u5978\u5987\u5973\u3001\u6027\u4fb5\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u72af\u7f6a\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u3001\u7ec6\u8282\u3001\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u9690\u79d8\u8eab\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5e7d\u6697\u5fc3\u7406\u7684\u7070\u9ed1\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u5bf9\u6b64\u6781\u4e3a\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u62a5\u544a\u3001\u5c38\u4f53\u7167\u7247\u3001\u5c38\u68c0\u62a5\u544a\u4e2d\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u5728\u770b\u5b88\u6240\u5185\u542c\u8fc7\u76f8\u5173\u8bb2\u8ff0\u3001\u6709\u5fc3\u673a\u7684\u5728\u62bc\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u7ecf\u8f6c\u8ff0\u77e5\u6089\u76f8\u5173\u7ec6\u8282\u7684\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u65e5\u540e\u5192\u5145\u771f\u51f6\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u590d\u8ff0\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5728\u6848\u4ef6\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6bd4\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u66f4\u7ec6\u81f4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u201c\u771f\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u540e\u6848\u4ef6\u590d\u5ba1\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5e76\u65e0\u72af\u7f6a\u6784\u6210\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7410\u7ec6\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u53e3\u4f9b\u5bf9\u6bd4\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4f1a\u6781\u5176\u51f8\u663e\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8bb2\u51fa\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u8ddf\u6848\u4ef6\u73b0\u573a\u56fe\u3001\u5c38\u68c0\u7167\u7247\u548c\u62a5\u544a\u8fdb\u884c\u6bd4\u5bf9\u540e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u4f9b\u8ff0\u7b14\u5f55\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u88ab\u51a4\u6789\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u6709\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8005\uff0c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u51fa\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u5c0f\u8179\u90e8\u6709\u5200\u75a4\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u539f\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u7b14\u5f55\u4e2d\u65e0\u6b64\u4f9b\u8ff0\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u5c38\u4f53\u5df2\u706b\u5316\uff0c\u7ecf\u8c03\u53d6\u539f\u6848\u5c38\u68c0\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u53e6\u8be2\u95ee\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u8fd1\u4eb2\u5c5e\uff0c\u8c03\u53d6\u5987\u4ea7\u533b\u9662\u7684\u4f4f\u9662\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u5747\u8bc1\u660e\u88ab\u5bb3\u4eba\u786e\u66fe\u5256\u8179\u4ea7\u751f\u80b2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bb2\u8ff0\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u5bf9\u5176\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8ba4\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ec6\u8282\u53ea\u662f\u5047\u5192\u771f\u51f6\u8005\uff0c\u4e0e\u539f\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u540c\u76d1\u5728\u62bc\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u542c\u5176\u5bf9\u4f5c\u6848\u7ec6\u8282\u63cf\u8ff0\u5f97\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u590d\u5ba1\u4eba\u5458\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u8a00\u8bed\u53e3\u8ff0\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u3002\u53e3\u8bed\u8bb2\u8ff0\uff0c\u5386\u6765\u66f4\u7ec6\u81f4\u3001\u66f4\u5f62\u8c61\u3001\u751f\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u8d34\u5408\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8eab\u4efd\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u9648\u5e74\u6848\u5377\u7b14\u5f55\u8bb0\u8f7d\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u4e0e\u201c\u539f\u51f6\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u8bdd\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u611f\u89c9\uff0c\u81ea\u4f9b\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u5f62\u8c61\u66f4\u4e30\u6ee1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4eba\u7fa4\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u65b0\u95fb\u62a5\u9053\u3001\u8857\u8c08\u5df7\u8bae\u65b9\u5f0f\u83b7\u77e5\u6848\u60c5\uff0c\u7279\u6b8a\u7fa4\u4f53\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u76d1\u5173\u62bc\u6216\u201c\u9053\u4e0a\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u201d\u8f6c\u8ff0\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u83b7\u77e5\u66f4\u591a\u6848\u4ef6\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u81ea\u79f0\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u8005\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6848\u53d1\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\uff0c\u5bf9\u6848\u53d1\u73b0\u573a\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3001\u9053\u8def\u3001\u5efa\u7b51\u975e\u5e38\u719f\u6089\u3002\u6848\u53d1\u5341\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u539f\u6709\u73b0\u573a\u5efa\u7b51\u5df2\u62c6\u9664\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u65e2\u5f80\u751f\u6d3b\u8bb0\u5fc6\uff0c\u53bb\u6307\u8ba4\u73b0\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u9519\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u679d\u8282\u6027\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f1a\u88ab\u653e\u5927\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6848\u4ef6\u57fa\u7840\u8bc1\u636e\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdb\u884c\u51b2\u51fb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u73b0\u5b9e\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u529b\u3001\u89c2\u5bdf\u529b\u654f\u9510\u7684\u4eba\u642d\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5982\u5916\u754c\u6240\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u96be\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6234\u7ef4\u65af\uff08Natalie Zemon Dauis\uff09\u6839\u636e\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6863\u6848\u6750\u6599\u8fd8\u539f\u4e861556\u5e74\u201c\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u5f52\u6765\u201d\u6848\uff0c\u9a97\u5b50\u4ec5\u6839\u636e\u542c\u522b\u4eba\u8bb2\u8ff0\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6765\u5047\u5192\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u76d6\u5c14\u3002\u8be5\u4eba\u8d70\u5230150\u4e2a\u8bc1\u4eba\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u201c\u558a\u7740\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\uff0c\u8ddf\u4ed6\u4eec\u6253\u62db\u547c\uff0c\u5e76\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\u4eec\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u786e\u5207\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e00\u8d77\u5e72\u8fc7\u7684\u4e8b\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u80fd\u63cf\u8ff0\u51fa\u5f53\u65f6\u7ed3\u5a5a\u65f6\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5ba2\u4eba\u7684\u8863\u7740\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0e\u59bb\u5b50\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5728\u56de\u5fc6\u65f6\u4ece\u672a\u9519\u8fc7\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u5ead\u5ba1\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7cbe\u795e\u9971\u6ee1\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u8868\u60c5\u5982\u6b64\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u81f4\u5728\u573a\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u65e0\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56da\u72af\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4e08\u592b\uff0c\u53cd\u5012\u59bb\u5b50\u548c\u53d4\u7236\u624d\u6709\u5192\u540d\u9876\u66ff\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002\u56fe\u5362\u5179\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3b\u5ba1\u6cd5\u5b98\u5341\u5206\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u66fe\u51fa\u7248\u4e0d\u5c11\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bba\u8457\u3001\u6781\u4e3a\u535a\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u5c06\u4f5c\u51fa\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u9a97\u5b50\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u65f6\uff0c\u88c5\u7740\u4e00\u6761\u6728\u817f\u7684\u771f\u9a6c\u4e01\u5230\u573a\uff0c\u624d\u8bc1\u660e\u6cd5\u5b98\u5bf9\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5224\u65ad\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 \u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\uff0c\u7ecf\u4e0d\u8d77\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc1\u636e\u6bd4\u5bf9\u65f6\u7684\u68c0\u6d4b\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\u5bf9\u524d\u51f6\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6709\u7269\u8bc1\u3001\u75d5\u8ff9\u3001\u5c38\u68c0\u3001\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u83b7\u53d6\u7684\u4e0d\u53d8\u8bc1\u636e\u7b49\u8bc1\u636e\u4f53\u7cfb\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u51f6\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u53e3\u4f9b\u3002\u5982\u975e\u672c\u4eba\u4f5c\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u575a\u6301\u81ea\u4f9b\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u7269\u8bc1\u3001\u73b0\u573a\u52d8\u9a8c\u3001\u5c38\u68c0\u65b9\u9762\u7efc\u5408\u53cd\u5e94\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u573a\u666f\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u66f4\u6709\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u529e\u6848\u4eba\u5458\uff0c\u201c\u771f\u51f6\u201d\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u663e\u5f62\u30022015\u5e74\uff0c\u547c\u548c\u6d69\u7279\u4e2d\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u88ab\u544a\u4eba\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u662f\u201c\u547c\u683c\u6848\u201d\u771f\u51f6\uff0c\u5185\u8499\u9ad8\u9662\u7ef4\u6301\u539f\u5224\u3002\u6848\u4ef6\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u590d\u6838\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u56db\u5e74\uff0c2019\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u7ec8\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u59cb\u7ec8\u4f9b\u8ba4\u7cfb\u547c\u683c\u6848\u771f\u51f6\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u6307\u5411\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u4f5c\u6848\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u53ea\u6709\u5176\u4f9b\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u4f9b\u8ff0\u4e0e\u5728\u6848\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc1\u636e\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u4e14\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u6216\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4f9b\u8ff0\u8ba4\u5b9a\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u5b9e\u65bd\u672c\u8d77\u72af\u7f6a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 2005\u5e74\uff0c\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u81ea\u4f9b\u7cfb\u8042\u6811\u658c\u6848\u771f\u51f6\u30022021\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u56db\u8d77\u72af\u7f6a\u8fdb\u884c\u6838\u51c6\uff0c\u786e\u8ba4\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u8042\u6811\u658c\u4e00\u4e8b\u30022014\u5e74\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u6539\u5224\u547c\u683c\u548c\u8042\u6811\u658c\u65e0\u7f6a\u7684\u5a92\u4f53\u5bfc\u5411\u548c\u88c1\u5224\u5fc3\u7406\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u90fd\u4e3b\u8981\u5728\u4e8e\u8d75\u5fd7\u7ea2\u548c\u738b\u4e66\u91d1\u81ea\u4f9b\u5176\u7f6a\u3002\u4e24\u4eba\u5206\u522b\u5386\u7ecf\u5341\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u590d\u67e5\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5047\u5192\u3002\u300a\u7ea2\u697c\u68a6\u300b\u4e2d\u592a\u865a\u5e7b\u5883\u5bf9\u8054\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5047\u4f5c\u771f\u65f6\u771f\u4ea6\u5047\uff0c\u65e0\u4e3a\u6709\u5904\u6709\u8fd8\u65e0\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5211\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e8b\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u8ba4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8d85\u51fa\u5b66\u9662\u5185\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5048\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<strong>\u7ed3\u8bed\uff1a\u5927\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5fae\u89c2\u673a\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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D.\u6559\u80b2\u540e\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5b98\u57fa\u672c\u4e3aJ.D.\u6bd5\u4e1a\u3002J.D.\u5b66\u4f4d\u8981\u6c42\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4f4d\u5728\u5148\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u5148\u5728\u5f8b\u6240\u6216\u516c\u53f8\u4ece\u4e8b\u6cd5\u52a1\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u5458\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u8054\u90a6\u6216\u5dde\u653f\u5e9c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u4ee3\u8868\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u8bc9\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\uff0c\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4fa6\u67e5\u548c\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u62c5\u4efb\u4e00\u5b9a\u804c\u7ea7\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u5728\u5177\u6709\u591a\u89d2\u8272\u591a\u79cd\u7ecf\u5386\u540e\uff0c\u4eba\u5230\u4e2d\u5e74\uff0c\u4f1a\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u7cbe\u82f1\u88ab\u9074\u9009\u5230\u8054\u90a6\u5730\u533a\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5ba1\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5c11\u6570\uff0c\u4f1a\u518d\u572850\u5c81\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u88ab\u9074\u9009\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u89c1\u88681\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.aisixiang.com\/upload\/images\/20230130\/20230130114235_18907.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3000 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